Government of Outremer

Baldwin I

Brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, who became Lord Protector from 1099-1100.
Managed to defeat Duqaq of Damascus on his march to claim the throne.
Finished conquering coastal towns- only Jaffa and Haifa recognised Jerusalem's authority and neither had a natuaral harbour. The Pilgrim roads also needed to be protected.
He took Arsuf, Caesarea, Acre, Beirut and Sidon- but not Tyre or Ascalon
He used alliances with the Genoese to conquer more land for a third of its booty.
He persauded al-Afdal, emir of Asclaon, to pledge loyalty to him to stop Egypt and Syria uniting through Ascalon. He created a demilitarised zone bewteen Jerusalem and Damascus in 1109.
Desposed Daibert of Pisa as patriarch of Jerusalem for Arnulf of Chocques, who was loyal.
He kept authority with the crown, unlike in Europe.
He kept important feifs for the royal demense and divided fiefs such as Galilee.

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Started building castles such as Montreal in 1115.
1101: Ramla 1, won despite inferior numbers using a releif force.
1102: Ramla 2, lost initially, sacrificed his army to escape but won with reinforcements.
1105: Ramla 3, first united Fatmid and Turk assult on Jaffa, won due to Egypt's poor discipline.
1113: Turkish coalition, Mosul and Damascus. Baldwin attacked before Antioch and Edessa could help, He was defeated and had to retreat until they arrived.
The Muslims left after they were unable to bring the Franks out of their defensive position.
Tancred took Latakia and the plains of Cicilia.

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Tancred was regent after Bohemond's capture in 1101.
Did not pay his ransom, but when Baldwin of Edessa freed Bohemond Tancred was forced to give up everything.
1104, Battle of Harran against Aleppo. First major defeat for the Latins.
Antioch was attacked by Byzantium, who retook Cilicia and Latakia.
Bohemond went to the west for an army and Tancred was regent.
Artah, he beat Ridwan of Aleppo, and he retook Cilicia and Latakia.
However, Baldwin made him swear alleigance.

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1118, B1 named Eustace of Boulogne his brother as heir.
Since B2 was in Jerusalem, he gained Joscelin of Courtney and Arnulf's support and was crowned instead. Instability from the start.
Led 19 campaigns in 13 years and created papal endorsement for the Templars at Troyes.
1119, Field of Blood, had to be Bohemond II's regent in Antioch.
Faced rebellion in 1123 when some barons wanted him replaced with Charles of Flanders.
Sucession crisis since he had daughters, named Melisende and Fulk and B3 as rulers.
The patriarch wanted Jaffa but B2 said no. He also used favouritism.

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Became king in 1163 easily.
Nur al-Din was in control of Syria, so they had to expand to Egypt.
1163, Shawar was the vizier, and he was overthrown by Dirgham.
Almaric attacked Egypt saying they did not pay tribute from BI's time.
This failed, but Shawar begged Nur al-Din to send an army to restore him.
Nur al-Din's general Shirkuh invaded Dirgham (with Amalric) in 1164 and restored Shawar.
Shawar, however, expelled General Shirkuh and allied with Amalric.
1167, treaty between Amalric and Shawar, 1168 invaded with Emperor Manuel.
Shrikuh and Nur al-Din gained full control of Egypt, Shirkuh became vizier then Saladin.

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1174, his government divided. His regent Miles of Plancy was murdered.
Leadership of the king crucial- he could not fight, command, or produce an hier.
Divided between his half sisters Sybil and Isabella.
Regent 1- Raymond of Tripoli, defensive. Regent 2- Reynald of Chatillon, offensive.
Sybilla was the elder and had a son BV, competed over since her husband William de Montferarat was dead. She married Guy de Lusignan.
Sybil was supported by BIV's mother, Agnes of Courtney, Joselin III, Patriarch Heraclitus and Gerard of Rideford (Master of the Temple)
Isabella was supported by the Ibelins, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch.
Raymond III invaded to try and make Sybil marry Balian of Ibelin, but she married Guy,

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Guy was subject to Richard I and a defensive leader in 1183.
1187, in Hattin he was annhialted since he did not want to be criticised again.
BV died in 1186 and Sybil became Queen- she chose Guy as king.
Raymond III tried to crown Isabel and Humphrey but Humphrey declined.
Raymond of Tripoli made a truce with Saladin which let him move to Hattin.
1187, Reynald attacked a Muslim caravan and Guy could not make him return the goods.
Saladin attacked Kerak and Montreal then Tiberias (Raymond's town).
Guy did not listen to Raymond and took his army to Hattin, which led to the fall ofJerusalem.

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