geography revision on a urbanising world

• urbanisation - the process of people from rural areas to urban areas
• megacity - population of over 10 million
• major city - 200,000 people
• primate city - main city  ( does not have to be the capital city). has to have twice the population of the next largest city. also has the best infrastructure
• primary jobs - working with natural resources e.g. farmers
• secondary jobs - making things by manufactoring/construction e.g carpenter
• tertiary jobs - providing services ( commercial, professional,social, entertainment & personal ) e.g. teachers & doctors
• quaternary jobs - a new sector mainly in MEDC'S reasearch, information & communications e.g. medical reasearchers.

B - brazil

R - russia                                                   

I - india                        they are all emerging countries

C - china

S - south africa

One international role india , has is BRICS. As india is working with Brazil, Russia, China, & south africa. so they can account for almost 42% of the world's population and one- quarter of global GDP. India has helped BRICS economic power to increase considerably.

1) urbanisation - growth of a city with people moving from the countryside

2) suburbanisation - people moving to the edge of a city for a better quality of life

3) counter urbanisation - after rapid urban growth people choose to move back to the countryside

4) De-industrialisation - factories closing as a country develops & better paid jobs move in

5) regenration - money spent mproving old faactory area to improve the city.

Flow mapping is a type of theamatic map used in cartography to show the movements of goods across space, e.g. the number of animal spieces in a specific migration pattern, as well as traffic volume & stream flow

they can also show both qualitative and quantitve data.

                                                         HAMARA FOUNDATION

This project provides services to children to improve their health, education & job skills. It was introduced because there were estimated to be around 200,000 street children who do not go to school & and do not have any shelter.

ADVANTAGES: the foundation was abl to improve the lives of thousands of children.

DISADVANTAGES: only a small number of children can be helped due to the / lack of money e.g. in 2013 they were only able to help 327 children.

                                                       BIOGAS INDIA

It is a small scale low technology. Uses food waste to create electricty. children have more time to attend school. cheap to run & repair. Does not have much of an impact on the countries poverty levels.

Keywords for Bottom-up development:

• NGO's/charities
• Local people
• Small scale
• Improves quality of life

                                 THE GORAI GARBAGE SITE CLOSURE PROJECT.

It is a hill of rubbish, with a seal that stops any toxic leaks, planted grass on top of it to create a park. A methane - capture power plant was built to generate electricity from the waste on the hill

ADVANTAGES: it gave residents an improved life and lots of money was avaliable to fix the whole area.

DISADVANTAGES: the garbage site was causing pollution for over 35 years before the governent took action.

THE YANGTZE THREE GORGES DAM.

It was a hydroelectric dam A down side to top - down developmen is that it can cost millions and the country gets into debt as it borrows money from the world bank etc. Often local peoples opinions are not listened to.

Keywords for top - down development:

• Government
• expensive
• large scale
• improves economy

CBD - offices & retails - high cost & demand for land - easy to reach

Inner city - industria - good transport links

suburbs - residential - usally surrounds the CBD

Rural-urban fringe - farms and countryside

In urban areas landuse can include housing and shops

In rural areas landuse can include forestry, farming & sometimes housing

CBD

High quality housing

Poor quality permanment housing

Spontaneous shanty towns/ settlements/ slums

also includes modern factories that come from CBD outwards and these are along the main roads

pre-industrial - primary 70%, secondary 20%, tertiary 10%

industrial - primary 50%-20%, secondary 40%, tertiary 20%- 50%

post-industrial - primary 10%, secondary 40%, tertiary 50%-55%, quaternary 5%

the informal job sector is a job sector is one that is not taxed, registered or legal

includes street sellers & drug dealing

mumbai has an informal job sector  - emerging country

there is no informal job sector in the uk as it is not allowed - developed country.

CHALLENGES:

• noise problems
• water & air pollution
• NO proper drainage system
• Based around a water pipe ( DHARAVi ( a slum))
• NO maps or road signs
• People are at arisk of being removed from there houses
• An estimated 1,000 people a day are moving to mumbai

SOLUTIONS:

• The city is now the richest in india due to its role in the improvment of the country.
• cheap & affordable housing because rent costs are low ( 185 rupees ( £2.20) per month)
• some people have access to TV, DVD players, & drainage systems.

Hyper-urbanisation is what mumai is experiensing

hyper-urbanisation - Rapid growth

• very crowded
• dirty
• diseases spread easy
• a tragic replaying of the worst aspects of the mass urbanisation that occured previously in the west
• dangerous
• very little rural areas
• not very nice/ pretty
• slums
• people cant afford proper housing
• council dont care