PULMONARY VENTILATION = TIDAL VOLUME x VENTILATION RATE PER MINUTE
(how much air inhaled in 1 min) = (volume in/out in each breath) x (breaths per minute)
Tuberculosis
Transmitted in droplets, Bacteria engulfed by phagocytes & encased in tubercle, Bacteria replicate if immune system is weak, Destroy epithelial cells/alveoli, Leads to fibrosis, damage leads to less SA, so less diffusion, Damage allows bacteria to enter blood
Fibrosis/Miner's lung
Formation of scar tissue which is thicker and less elastic, Lungs less able to expand, Can't hold as much air so tidal volume is reduced and harder to expel air. Reduction of gas exchange, diffusion is slower across thicker membrane.
Asthma
Constriction of airways, air flow in and out is reduced, less oxygen enters alveoli and blood
Emphysema
Phagocytes produce enzyme that breaks down elastin, Loss of elastin, less recoil to expel air, destruction of alveoli walls reduced surface area, rate of gas exchange decreses.
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