G1 WJEC

• Happens around Christmas roughly x2 per decade
• Warmest sea is west pacific
• This warm water evaporates and causes torrential monsoon storms
• Warm water moves across pacific
• In 2009 brought drought to Australia
• Also affects fishing in Peru
• Warm water brings torrential rains, flash flooding and mudslides to Peru 
• When returns to normal is called La Nina

• Cold periods-glacials. Warmer periods-inter-glacials. Approx. 50,000 year cycles.
• OBLIQUITY Currently tilt is 23.5 but varies between 22-24.5 - this gives seasons.
• ECCENTRITY Circular to elliptical orbit due to Jupiter and Saturn gravitational force.

• Instrumental date e.g thermometers. -mainly MEDCs, only since 1850s
• Dendrochronology - study of tree rings
• Glacial retreat e.g Gangotri in the Himalayas
• Phenology - Seasonal changes e.g first snow drop

• Increased temperatures means more energy in the atmosphere
• Hurricane Sandy in 2012 was the largest recorded

Hurricane Katrina:

• Total cost $150 billion. 
• Oil industry affected
• 1500 died
• Levees protecting New Orleans destoryed
• Refugees converged on Superdrone

• Thermal expansion.
• Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps
• Tuvalu and Maldives have low lying land and salt water will damage crops and contaminate etc.
• Thames barrier in London completed in 1980

The Arctic:

• Ice caps melting, polar bears cannot hunt seals
• Cannot provide for cubs
• Seals reducing due to less fish and marine plants
• Thinner ice means inuits are in danger when fishing

The Sahel

• Includes Chad and Sudan
• Rainfall decreasing, drought, forced to drink dirty water, poor crops, desertification.

• Temperature rise of 0.2 celsius per decade + exaggerated weather
• Heat may mean insects from warmer climates bringing diseases such as Malaria
• Rainfall will mean higher rainfall and increased flooding risk
• Although will increase tourism in areas

Mississppi - Hard engineering

• Levees 
• Straightneing or channeling - cutting out meanders
• 200 flood control dams

• Soft egineering e.g afforestation of flood plains

• Mitigation e.g in Shrewsbury river Severn, temporary flood defences put up when flood warnings are high
• Oxfam funding in Bangladesh to put wells on higher ground so water isn't contaminated

• Struck near capital Port-au-Prince
• 1.5million homeless
• Government builidngs collapsed, left with no political leadership
• 316,000 died
• Chloera in refugee camps
• Affected infrastructure and development

• Landslides and pyroclastic flows
• Acres of timber destroyed
• 57 deaths
• Increased tourism in the area
• Ash spread over 8 states affecting crops and air transport

• Sustainable geothermal energy in Iceland - geisers also bring tourism
• Mt. Versuvius in Italy is a tourist attraction
• Soils produced by weathering of volcanic ash are rich in nutrients

• Hydrograph with short time lag and high peak discharge
• Rivers Valency and Jordon join further upstream, doubling the discharge
• Impermeable rocks meant more surface run-off
• Steep valleys encouraged rapid run-off
• Village built on narrow valley floor

• Low-lying country with 3 major rivers - Ganges, Meghna and Brahmaputra, large delta
• Monsoon climates bring yearly floods helping harvests
• Snow melt from Himalayas

• Deforestation reduces interception
• Climate change increases snowmelt
• Urbanisation on flood plain reduces infiltration