Edexcel A geography
- Created by: kesithan3
- Created on: 16-03-19 16:24
Biomes
Biomes - A large scale ecosystem
Example of an biome -
Desert - The climate is very hot , very less rainfall
TRF Biodiversty and Adaptations
High Biodiversty - Long hours of sunlight are excellent for photosynthesis
Animal Adaptations
Monkeys - have strong gripping hands and long tails for balance to help them find food
Sloths - uses camoflague and moves slowly so then they wont get caught
Plant Adaptations
Drip tip leaves - allows water to run off and prevent the leaves rotting
Buttress Roots - Helps to support and make the trees stable
TRF - Climate Change
Biodiversty -
Climate change could threaten the survial of species who are adapted to have rainfall and reduce biodiversty .
Drier condtions could stop from cloud functioning and reduce the water avaliable for growth leading to loss of biodiversty
Structure
Long period of direr condtions therefore will , reduce the biomass store meaning that there will be less nutrients for the canopy
Long period of drier condtions - Make foreset more vuerable to fires ,which will destroy the structure of the forest
TRF - Causes of deforestation
Rising Population Growth - Trees are cut down to make new houses for people and this lead to loss of biodiversty
Resource Extraction - Timber for logging as trees were cut down for selling and many money was used to improve services
TRF - Management
Direct Government Action - Where the government decided to pay landowners 50 dollors per year to protect the tropical rainforest and it was happening at a rapid rate
Ecotourism - Tourist come and learn about the enviroment through activites such as hiking . These actives provide jobs for local people who previously were farmers deforesting land to grow crops .
Selling Carbon Credits - Wealthy Countries buy these to offset the emissions they producw and this generates a lot of moneyand there is then no need for without cutting tress
TRF - Threats
Deforestation
Population Pressure
Lead to loss of biodiversty due to clearing of habitats and Contribution of global warming due to carbon dixode being realsed as the trees are being cut down
Climate Change
Impact on speices - Direr Condtions could kill species and bring in new spcies
Prevent Cloud functioning - Reduce the water avaliable for the functioning of ecosystem
Urbanzation - Changing Cites
Causes of Urbanzation
Better Jobs - better standard of living for people
Impacts of Migration
Overcrowding , Increased competion of jobs
Key words
Urbanzation - Increasing Propotion of people living in cites
Counter Urbanzation - Movement of people in cites to countryside
Re-Urbanzation - movement of people back to urban areas
Sub - Urbanzation - Growth of town into the surrounding village
Deindurazaltion- Changing Cites
Evidence of Deindurzalition
Deserted- no indurstal activity , Negletced , No people , Griffti
Impact of deindurazaion
No Jobs
Causes of deindurazation
Globalisation means that goods can be cheaper around so the industry closes as people can get the same thing for less in different countries
Growing Populations - More land is used for settlements rather than factroies so they close to make more space for urban areas
CBD - Changing Cites
Changes in CBD
Internet Shopping - Reduction in people vist shops to reduce which led to clousre in business and decline in CBD
Out of town Shopping centre - Parking is for free and attract more coustemer led to decline in CBD .
CBD : Information Centre , Stations
Rapid Urbanzation - Changing Cites
Sao Paulo has very bad traffic and congestion meaning that a lot of pollution is
created this leads to increasing impacts of climate change due to greenhouse gas
emissions
Unemployment and rising informal economy - Not enough jobs for imigrants and informal economy has risen but no tax is paid leading to less money investing in services
Top - down Project - Changing Cites
Cingupura Housing Project - New homes were bulit , managing favelas in the city
Advantages -
All houses had clean water and proper sanitation and new houses were bulit in the same area so there was no need for residents to move somewhere else
Disadvantages
Pay 26 dollars per month and many resdients cant afford for this and only bulit 14,000 homes of the 10000 target
Bottom Up Project -Changing Cites
Self help scheme in Santo Andre and aimed to improve infrasture and sercices
Advantages
The improvements are not just housing but to help people quality of life and the community is included in the decsions that are made
Disadvantages
Takes a long time to implement , with so many different people involved , it is hard to get agreement on how the money avaliable should be spent
Development - Global Development
Development - A process of change which affect people standard of living
Measuring Development
Gross Domestic Product - Total value of goods and services produced by a country per year
HDI - Measures the life expectancy , mean years of scholing , GNI per capita
Chlorpeath Map
Advantages
An advantage is that they are very easy to understand and show spatial distributions of data quite well.
Visually effective - can see a large amount of information and general patterns
Disadvantages
Incorrectly suggests an abrupt change at the boundaries of shaded areas because the map does not show total/exact values
Average values hide variations within one area so it is impossible to see variations/extremes/patterns within one area
Top down Project
Top down Project - Development project run by government on a large scale
Advantages
Large-scale government investment and political support/will (1) has the potential to affect positively the lives of a large number of people (1).
The local economy could be improved so there are more funds available to spend on healthcare, education and training
Disadvantages
High costs , which could lead to government debt/the diversion of spending from education/healthcare to pay off the debt
Government/politicians are sometimes removed from local people/needs are often ignoredso they do not benefit in terms of economic and social development
Bottom Up Project
Bottom Up Project : run by the local
Advantages
It is run by local people so its likely to acheive its development objective as they decide what happens
Disadvantage
The country will develop more slowly because of the size of the project.
Population pyramid
Decrease in Birth Rates
More avaliable conteption , Decrease in fertility rates
Why the population structure changed in the last 30 years
Birth rate has decreased due to wider availability of contraception
Death rates have decreased as there is better health care
Impact of the private investment by TNC
Postive Impacts
Many new jobs are created which have high salaries
Better Working Condtions as they are tertiary jobs
Employess are invested in with eduaction and training which provides them with skills which they can use in life
Negative Impacts
Many secondary workers are exploites with low pay , poor condtion meaning that tesco are able to make big profit
India can be reliant on Tesco as a source of jobs to the economy
Tesco foot lose meaning that it could always move to a cheaper country whenever wanted meaning that India doesnt have economic sustanability
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