cv system

key terms:

heart rate= the number of times the heart beats per minute.

stroke volume= the amount of blood leaving the heart each beat.

systolic blood pressure= the pressure when blood is being pumped out of the heart.

cardiac output= the amount of blood leaving the heart per minute

blood pressure= the force of the blood pushing against the blood vessel wall as it travels around the body.

the cardiovascular system includes: the heart, blood vessels and blood

immediate effects of exercise: increase in heart rate, increase in stroke volume, and increase in systolic blood pressure. the benefits of these effects are- increased oxygen delivery and increased removal of carbon dioxide, and increased rate of blood flow and therefore increased oxygen delivery.

the role of the cv system during exercise is to: transport oxygen in the blood to the working muscles, remove waste products, and return the blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

long term effects on the cv system include: increase in size and strength of the heart (cardic hypertrophy) the benefits of this is it is good for health as it reduces the chance of coronary heart disease, it is also good for fitness as the heart can contract more forcefully. another adaptation is an increase in stroke volume, the benefit of this is more blood is ejected from the heart each beat, so there is increased oxygen delivery.

further adaptations include: a lower resting heart rate, increased maximum cardiac output during exercise, faster return to resting heart rate, increased capillarisation (the development of a capillary network) and increased number of red blood cells. the benefits of these adaptations are: greater training zone: with an increased stroke volume, the heart needs to beat less often to eject the same amount of blood, increased oxyge delivery to working muscles, more efficient recovery and increased blood flow supplying oxygen to working muscles.

systolic blood pressure= the pressure in the arteries whilst the heart is contacting

diastolic blood pressure= the pressure in the arteries whilst the heart is relaxing and filling with blood.

diastolic blood pressure is lower than systolic blood pressure because the blood flow is slower whilst the heart is relaxing.

if blood pressure gets too high it can put a strain on your arteries and your heart.

high cholesteral can be caused by having a diet with too much saturated fat. this is found in foods such as butter and fatty meat. there are two types of cholesteral, one 'good' and one 'bad'

low density lipoprotein (LDL) is the 'bad' cholesterol that can cause deposits to build up in the arteries. this makes it harder for blood to circulate and can lead to heart disaese.

high density lipoprotein (HDL) is the 'good' cholesterol that can take away cholesteral to be broken down.

effects of an unhealthy diet: blood vessels can be negatively affected by an unhealthy diet. fats can build up in the blood vessels, resulting in high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

a healthy balanced diet will have a positive impact on blood pressure and cholesterol.

long-term benefits of regular exercise: it can also benefit blood pressure and cholesterol levels, by: lowering resting blood pressure and lowering cholesterol levels. these benefits will mean there isa reduced likelihood of a stroke or coronary heart failure.