Cultural Studies - UK and Australia
Comparing
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- Created by: Emily
- Created on: 05-05-11 09:35
Historical Determinants
UK
- Class system based on privilege - determined income lifestyle and sport
- Influence of sport came from Public schools
- Power of British empire had global impact - influenced the development of sport across the world
- Divisions between amateur and professional players (amateur-higher class)
Australia
- New culture
- Privilege was not a feature of society
- Didnt have a class structure (land of the fair go)
- Sports from UK were adopted by Australia
- Part of the empire - UK was the motherland
- Victory against UK is significant (national progress)
- Australian sporting traditions did not tolerate the class divisions
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Geographical Determinants
UK
- Small country (helped communication and travel)
- No areas of genuine wilderness- some ares of national parks not many mountains (restricts outdoor adventure)
- One climate type (warm summers, mild winters) which restricts outdoor adventure)
- Large population (62 million) high population density - helped commercialisation of sport
- Distance wasnt a major problem (rail systems)
Australia
- 32 x larger - harder for travel and communication
- Areas of genuine wilderness (outdoor education) comprising coastal, land scrub, desert and mountains
- Climate is diverse (favourable conditions for sport)
- 22 million population (low population density) - urban country
- distance was a problem to sports development - airports for internal travel
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Government Policies
UK
- Monarch -head of state, Prime minister - head of government
- Local government
- Decentralisation is less evident in national cirriculum
- Government not directly responsible for sport - however invovled through the DCMS
- Capitalist but inclined to a mixed economy which restricts commercial enterprise
- Professional sports are becoming increasingly commercialised
Australia
- Monarch of England is cheif of state - part of british commonwealth (but was granted independance)
- Decentralisation in each state
- No national cirriculum (taken at a state level)
- Sport is percieved as a government (vote catcher)
- Adopted a capitalist economy
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Commercialisation of Sport
UK
- UK invented many major sports
- Public schools and traditions of Empire
- Large spectator base
- Railway system was efficient promoting spectators
- Sporting venues easily accessible
- Capitalist with elements of mixed economy
- People have disposable income to spend on sport
- can afford media outlets (sky)
- Large amounts to build and maintain staduims
Australia
- Long tradition of sport
- Indicator of progress and national pride
- Urban society
- Densly populated cities - large spectator base
- Transport systems are diverse
- People have disposable income to spend on sport
- same bottem points as UK
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Social Determinants
- Discrimination against minority is evident in UK and Australia
- However more UK citizens denied access to sport (may be because Aussie population is smaller)
- Both have Oppertunity, Provision, Esteem
- Australia has three initiatives to improve access to sport: Indigenous sport programme (encouraging indigenous people to be more active) Disabiltiy sport prog, Women and Sport unit
UK
- Right to freedom (free speech and expression)
- Teamwork is a traditional british value
- Value of individual is important
- Taking part is still important ethic however winning is increasing in importance
- Fair play - overides win at all costs
- Striving to overcome discrimination on class
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Social Determinants cont
Australia
- Everyone deemed as equal - sport never subject to social class divide
- Bush culture reflects individual courage and enterprise and promoted teamwork - all people are equal
- competitivness (currency and sterling)
- Fair play - overrides win at all costs
- Participation - rather then competitiveness
- Social melting pot describes the situation in which people from different cultures have blended together to form an equal status
- Apology has been given to the indigenous people
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Physical education and victoria state
UK
- government has determined a national cirriculum
- Physical education is compulsory - increase participation - improve a healthy active lifestyle
- Due to obiesty levels rising
Australia
- State government determine physical activity in schools
- Compulsory - increase participation - healthy active lifestyle
- Obiesity levels stable
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Initiatives to Improve Physical Education
Government Policy -
- UK (national cirriculum, physical education for young people, physical education and sport
- Aussie (Sport education and Physical education programme)
Professional Development
- UK (teacher training)
- Aussie (Physical and sport education is a teacher training programme for those qualified)
Specialist Provision
- UK (sport colleges increase sporting excellence)
- Aussie (Exemplary schools share good practise with other schools
Primary schools
- UK (National cirriculum, sporting playground initiave, TOPS prog)
- Aussie ( Fundamental Skills programme)
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Initiatives to Improve Physical Education cont
Student leadership
- UK (step into sport, Junior sports leaderships, Community sports leaders)
- Aussie ( Sport leader programme)
Awards for excellence
- UK ( gifted and talented scheme)
- Aussie (State blue award)
Sports Personality
- UK (sports stars visit schools - role models)
- Aussie (Sports person in school project links)
Teacher games
- UK (fixtures between staff)
- Bring teachers together for friendly comp
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Outdoor Education
UK
- Climate less conductive to an outdoor lifestyle
- Backpacking, hiking and walking are popular
- No equivalent of bush culture
- Climate and topography limit areas
- UK lacks hostile wilderness
- provides adventure experiences
Aussie
- Climate is favourable
- Associated with balanced active healthy lifestyle
- Bush, frontier culture can be experienced
- Outstanding natural resources
- Important area of education - examined subject
- Victoria Youth development programme outdoor education programme that incorportates army, ambulance, fire service
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Mass participation
- In UK 72% of young people take part in physical activity - trend beginnning to decline
- in Aussie approx 70% boys and girls complete 60 mins activity each day - on average 2-2 1/2 hours. (higher than the UK)
- UK 30% young people in the 5-17 catagory were overweight
Australia Sports Commission -
- promotes excellence and mass participation
- More active Australia
- Active membership of sports clubs
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Strategies to promote sport participation in Aussi
- Primary and High schools - Sport taught to the highest quality in primary and high schools. Co-ordinate national inter-school competition
- School sport network - agency for teachers involved in sports - encouraging and preparing young children for an active lifestyle
- Junior sport programmes - Modify games and provide resources, coaching, and competitions
- Active after school community programmes - Primary school children to free, structured p.e programmes after school, aimed at non active children
- Local sporting champions programme - Fincial support for equipment, uniforms, travel
- Bluearth programme - Specialists in movement and health work alongside teachers to improve fitness and motor skills.
- Aussie Sports - Modify rules, reduce the dimensions of playing environment and introduce child friendly equipment
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Institutes of Sport excellence UK
There are 4 sport institutes
- English institute of sport (EIS)
- Scottish institute of sport (SIS)
- Sports institute of nothern ireland (SINI)
- Welsh institute of sport
Funding from national lottery and government
No hierarchy of importance (like aussie)
UK sport - controls institutes
functions same as Aussie
- Produce elite performers
- World class facilities
- financial aid and sponsership
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Institutes of Sport excellence AUSSIE
Atleast one institute in each state (eg......
- Victoria institute of sport (VIS)
- South australia institute of sport (SASI)
Funding from government and business sponsership
No hierachy of importance (like UK)
Monitored by national elite sports council
Functions (like UK)
- Highest quality of coaching and technology support
- Recieve treatment from sport medical services
- Educational and vocational services provided
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Pathways into professional Sport
- Both countries Offer young people with talent altervative routes into elite sport
- Both countries give vocational support to athletes and this reflectes positively on the contempory culture
- (AUSSIE)Draft system of player recruitment in australian rules football is good for teams who finish low in the league tables because they get first selection
- cricket players can bypass sports institutes and progress of professional league cricket
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Alternative ways into professional Rugby league
UK
- does not directly use UK sport institutes to develop talent
- Schools and clubs develop talent
- proffesional clubs develop academies
- Player can be fast tracked directly from school or club into pro
AUSSIE
- A promising young rugby player may will be a schlorship holder with the AIS
- A talented performer could be nurtured through the club academy (AIS support is there)
- The kids kangeroo scheme is a new national development plan, it tracks promising junoir players into the pro game
- An under 18 comp has been promoted as a tv spetical and this exposure has fast tracked some players
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Case Studies - CRICKET
UK
- Originated here (first recorded game in 1611)
- Thrived in the UK public schools
- Amateurs and pro players changed in different rooms
- Captain of english team was amateur - reflecting class system
- MCC driving force for international cricket
- Defeat against australia significant
- Marks the beginning of ashes - stimulating greater interest
- in 21st centure twenty20 cricket was introduced to boost commercial
USA
- Direct copy of the English game
- 1st games arranged between currency lads and english military
- did not incorporate class privilege
- Captain not required to be an amateur
- Winning against UK is benchmark for progression
- have named it twenty20 bash
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Case Studies - Rugby League
UK
- in 1895 clubs broke away from amateur system (classed as rebels)
- This changed the format of game to make it more entertaining
- First match between UK and Aussie took place in UK
- Game with strong working class origins
- Southern england never really accept it (northern associated)
- Commercial sport
- Less popular compared to Rugby Union
- Abolished relegation like USA
Australia
- Australia followed same lead as UK
- Associated with specific areas (Queensland, New south wales)
- Established in the East
- Games between counties are a commercial success
- Rugby league more popular (they don't have class system)
- Australia has expanded rugby league to all states
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Case Studies - Rugby Union
UK
- Rooted from public schools and universities (nowadays in grammer schools)
- Middle class game
- Organised on a friendly basis up to 1990's
- Adopted professionalism after success of world cup
- League structure put into place - European cup to bring commercialization
- Laws been modified to make game more attractive
- Professionalism stopped Rugby union players signing up for Rugby League.
Australia
- Played by private schools
- Middle class amateur etho
- Friendly basis
- withstood commercial pressure in 1990's
- become commercalised after success of world cup
- adopted professionalism - Super 12 competition
- Failed to successfully promote it, therefore not as popular
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Case Studies - Association Football
UK
- Football association founded as amateur (origins of public schools)
- FA accepted professionalism in 1888 (football league - dominated by working class)
- Professional Football players earned a good wage
- 1961 abolished maximum wage - now commercial business
- Televised matches
- Division one football clubs broke away from league and made premiership
- Well ahead in popularity and commercial potential in UK
Australia
- Football was not popular until 20th century
- Organisation identical sport directed from UK
- Proffesionalism hard to adopt (difficult to survive)
- Game was marginalized
- Soccer resulted in racial violence
- Was marginalized untill 21st century
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Factors that Have led to rise in popularity of Aus
- Government initiated an inquiry into management of football
- Governing body (Football federation of Australia) was established to promote it
- National league was established
- Defused racial problems by enforcing withdrawal of ethnic team names
- Spectator interest was increased (positive media interests)
- Increased public and media interest (sponsership deals)
- Victory against UK -sign of progression
- National competition for women, supported by the AIS
- 1 million players in Australia (fastest growing sport)
- FFA is bidding to host the 2018 world cup
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Australian Rules Football
Origin:
- Combination of Aboriginal ethic game and football that was played in 19th century (keep cricketers fit in the winter)
Ethnicity
- Accessible to ethnic groups
- Aborigines well represented in the game
- Ethnic europeans were prominent
Class
- Appeals to all classes
- Working class a chance to be respected
- endorsed land of fair go
Gender
- Victoria's womens football league promote female participation
- Play dominated by men
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