Hard engineering = A coastal defence method which tends to be expensive which have a high impact on the landscape, and it is unsustainable.
Type of defence: Sea wall
Advantages -
- Protects the base of cliffs, land ad buildings against erosion
- Can prevent coastal flooding in some areas.
Disadvantages -
- Expensive to build
- Sea walls reflect the energy of the waves back to the sea; this means that the waves are just as powerful
- Over time the wall may begin to erode; along with high maintenance costs
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