Chemistry GCSE OCR Gateway C6 Revision Cards

• H+ Electrons lost to anode 2H2---> 4H + 4e-
• H+ electrons Oxygen atoms combine O2 + 4H+ +4e- ---> 2H20
• H+ ions can pass across membranes in electrolysis- protone exchange membrane.

• Makes ethanol and Carbon Dioxide.
• C6H12O6 ----> 2C2H5OH + CO2
• Anaerobic respiration (no oxygen) otherwise it makes vinegar (ethanoic acid.)
• Water and yeast needed.
• 37c- optimum for zymase enzymes.
• Used as: drink, solvents and fuels.

Salts and Ethanol's

• Hydration catalyst= Hot Phosphoric acid.
• Dehydration catalyst= Hot Aluminium oxide.
• Hydration= C2H4 + H2O ---> C2H5OH
• Dehydration= C2H5OH ---> C2H4 + H2O
• Alcohol Fermentation Pro's:- Carbon neutral, renewable, house hold waste used.
• Hydration of Ethene Pro's:- Cheaper, not enough land in UK so it's more economical not to grow crops.
• Alcohol Fermentation Con's:- Growing crops means large areas are deforested, not efficient with transport, difficult to make high concentrations of alcohol.
• Hydration of Ethene Con's:- Non-renewable we need to find an alternative fuel!

• Oxidation
• Is
• Loss (of electrons)
• Reduction
• Is
• Gain (of electrons

Sacrificial protection:- Bolt block of a more reactive metals onto the hull of a ship e.g. Zinc and that displaces and stops the ship from rusting.

Ozone is destroyed by CFC's, Ozone is O3:-

• 1. Initiation.     Cl2 ---> Cl. + Cl.                         (Radicals on right)
• 2.Propagation. Cl. + O3 ---> OCl. + O2 then...    (Radicals on both sides)
•                     OCl. + O3 ---> Cl 2O2     overall...
•                       O3 + O2 ---> O2 + 2O2 + 2O3
• 3. Termination. Cl. + Cl. ---> Cl2.                        (Radicals on left)

CFC's are:- Non toxic, non-flammable, odourless, tasteless and chemically stable.   

• Fat= Solid.
• Oil = Liquid.
• Saturated Hydrocarbons= Single Bonds.
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons= Double Bonds.
• Testing for unsaturated fats= Bromine water test.
• Soaps= Saponification (Making soaps).
• Fat + alkali= soap + glycerol.
• H4C2+ Br2  (orange) ---> H4C2Br (colourless).

• Hard water reacts with soap but not detergent to make a scum instead of bubbles. It's 'hard' to make bubbles.
• Temporary Hardness= H2CO3 + CaCO3 ---> Ca(HCO3)2, When boiled it can be made soft.
• Permanent Hardness= H2SO4 + CaCO3 ---> CaSO4 +H2O +CO2, Boiling doesn't remove Ca2+ ions, when heating CaSO4, no reaction is used. Sodium Carbonate is used.
• Ca2+ (aq) + CO3^2- (aq) ---> CaCO3 (s) used in washing powders e.g. Calgon.
• Weak acids remove limestone.
• Ion exchange resins include:- Calcium and Magnesium. 

Asprin = C9H8O4            RFM= 180

Paracetamol = C8H9O2N RFM=151

Ibuprofen= C13H1802      RFM= 206 

• Manufacturing.
• Paying employees.
• Research and development.
• Drug testing and trials.
• Energy.
• Packaging.
• Machinery.
• Computer and hardware.
• Transporting drugs.
• Administration.
• Raw materials can be expensive.

• Covalent compounds= Not soluble in water.
• Ionic compounds= Soluble in Water
• Salicylic acid+ acetic anhydride ---> acetylsalicylate + acetic acid.
• Made in lab but can be found in the bark of willow trees.
• Numbs pain, anticoagulant, pain-killer and anti-inflammatory.
• Has large risks, but you generally throw up after overdose unlike paracetamol which kills.
• React acid with Na+ to make Aspirin soluble.
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