aim : a general statement of why the study is being carried out
hypothesis: a specific testable statement that predicts the expected outcome of the study
2 types of hypotheses:
- experimental hypothesis: prediction stating that results are not due to chance and are significant in terms of supporting the idea being investigated, e.g. there is evidence that there is a difference.
- null hypothesis: prediction stating that results are due to chance and are significant in terms of supporting the idea being investigated, e.g. there is no evidence that there is a difference
hypotheses are either directional or non-directional
- directional (one-tailed): predicts the direction of the difference
- non- directional (two-tailed): predicts the difference but not the direction of the difference
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