vulnerability factors to addictions
- Created by: amberoliviashortman
- Created on: 10-04-15 12:06
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- vulnerability to addictions
- Self esteem
- people with low self esteem can be more vulnerable to addictive behaviour, especially in the case of adolescent gmblers
- Deverensky et al- in adolescent gamblers, low self esteem, depression, and heightened risk of suicide make them more susceptible to additions
- people with low self esteem can be more vulnerable to addictive behaviour, especially in the case of adolescent gmblers
- Attributions
- cognitive biases can play a part in addictive behavior
- Moore et al- young male problem gamblers often have unrealistic expectations about the outcome of the gambling and their chances of winning
- however this is evident in everyone who gambles so doesnt explain why some people gamble to excess
- Moore et al- young male problem gamblers often have unrealistic expectations about the outcome of the gambling and their chances of winning
- people with addictive behavior often have an external locus of control and poor sense of self sufficiancy
- cognitive biases can play a part in addictive behavior
- Personality
- some psychologists propose and 'addictive personality'
- Hans Eysenck proposed a psychological resource model- the individual develops an addictive habit because it fulfills a certain purpose related to the personality type of the individual- he proposed 3 main personality dimensions
- P-psychoticism- characteristics include impulsivity and coldness N- neuroticism- characteristics; moodiness and anxiety E- extraversion- liveliness and optimism
- Francis- found supporting evidence for a link between drug and alcohol dependence and and personality types N & P-
- although this is correlational research and difficult to make statements about such a casual relationship
- Francis- found supporting evidence for a link between drug and alcohol dependence and and personality types N & P-
- P-psychoticism- characteristics include impulsivity and coldness N- neuroticism- characteristics; moodiness and anxiety E- extraversion- liveliness and optimism
- Hans Eysenck proposed a psychological resource model- the individual develops an addictive habit because it fulfills a certain purpose related to the personality type of the individual- he proposed 3 main personality dimensions
- Rounsaville et al- there is a strong link between alcoholism and antisocial personality types (sociopaths)
- Slutsky- there is also a link between sociopathy and ADHD
- however this is also correlational and although there is evidence for a link between certain mental disorders and substance abuse, these could be the effect of the drugs not the other way around (chicken or the egg)
- Slutsky- there is also a link between sociopathy and ADHD
- some psychologists propose and 'addictive personality'
- Gender
- there are some gender differences in addictive behaviors but these vary depending on the substance
- there is an increase in female smoking addiction in the UK & US whereas male smoking has remained stable
- it is sugggested that this is linked to weight as smokers tend to weigh 7lbs less then non-smokers and gain 6lbs when they quit
- Ogden and Fox- female dieters use cigarette smoking as a weight maintenence strategy
- it is sugggested that this is linked to weight as smokers tend to weigh 7lbs less then non-smokers and gain 6lbs when they quit
- whereas boys are more regular gamblers then girls
- Jacobs has summarised the main differences; young males spend more money on gambling, and start gambling earlier, they enjoy more skill based games and enjoy a greater variation of games
- there is an increase in female smoking addiction in the UK & US whereas male smoking has remained stable
- there are some gender differences in addictive behaviors but these vary depending on the substance
- The social context of addiction
- drinking alcohol and smoking is seen as socially acceptable- in western culture alcohol can be seen s a transition from childhood to adulthood
- Sutherland and Wilner- 1/3 of british 13-14 year olds report being drunk at least once- these may be socially desirable answers but it shows the social status carried by alcohol
- people with antisocial behavior orders are more likely to develop substance abuse problems
- Cincchetti et al- adolescents with ADHD are more likely to develop substance use problems
- they also found that children with anxiety or depression problems begin substance use at an earlier age and are more likely to develop a problem with this use
- Cincchetti et al- adolescents with ADHD are more likely to develop substance use problems
- drinking alcohol and smoking is seen as socially acceptable- in western culture alcohol can be seen s a transition from childhood to adulthood
- Family infulence
- children often model their parents and siblings behavior-social learning theory
- parents drug use has been linked to the use and frequency of drug and alcohol use in adolescents- also older brothers drug use and attitudes towards drugs has been linked to younger brothers drug use
- parents who are more permissive towards drugs have children who are more likely to start taking them
- the risk of substance missuse is higher in those with family discord or inconsistant parenting
- Fisher- youth problem gamblers are more likely to have a mother or father with gambling problems
- sociocultural background can also be a predictor of later substance abuse
- Hall et al- people from low socioeconomic and high crime rate backgrounds are more likely to develop substance abuse
- people who have completed fewer years of education or performed badly at school are more vulnerable
- Fisher et al- adolescent gamblers showed a wide range of school related problems; they are more likely to lie, truant and steal to finance their gambling
- Vitaro et al- found a link between alcohol abuse and problem gambling- particularly in males
- Fisher et al- adolescent gamblers showed a wide range of school related problems; they are more likely to lie, truant and steal to finance their gambling
- people who have completed fewer years of education or performed badly at school are more vulnerable
- Hall et al- people from low socioeconomic and high crime rate backgrounds are more likely to develop substance abuse
- children often model their parents and siblings behavior-social learning theory
- Self esteem
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