LCW Liberalism Hodg

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Created on: 16-05-18 08:34

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Liberalism
- John Locke
  - 1690- Two treaties of government
    - Based on consent, from below - social contract theory
      - Natural rights and natural laws
        All are born equal
        Based on reason
        
        Pre-dates the enlightenment
  - Society, state and government all based on a voluntary agreement/ contract
    - Government should be limited
  - Life, liberty and property. - rights
- J. S. Mill
- Individualism + Freedom = liberty
  - Rational= deserving of economic, social and political freedoms
    - Rationalism = englightenment
      - 18th century - age of reason
      - Rational reason and logic
        Individual freedom, representative democracy, tolerance and international peace and harmony
        
        Knowledge flows from reason and logic. rather than tradition, faith and superstition/ church, custom.
- Human Nature
  - Optimistic but seeking
- Foundational equality- equal moral worth - equal rights before the law
- Views on equality
  - Foundational
    - Opportunity
      - Formal
  - All reject equality of outcome (socialism)
  - Believe in meritocracy - hierarchy on peoples efforts
- Classical liberlism
  - Older strand - rediscovered in economic format with Thatcher -pre 1860
  - Economy -Adam smith, wealth of nations - 1790s
    - Meritocratic
      - Inequality is seen as an incentive
    - The invisible hand + dead hand
1700's
- Individuals free exept harming others- harm principle
  - Ideas different to own tolerated
  - J. S. Mill
Government
- 'Necessary evil' to protect one another from self serving individuals
- Liberalism
  - John Locke
    - 1690- Two treaties of government
      - Based on consent, from below - social contract theory
        Natural rights and natural laws
        All are born equal
        Based on reason
        
        Pre-dates the enlightenment
    - Society, state and government all based on a voluntary agreement/ contract
      - Government should be limited
    - Life, liberty and property. - rights
  - Individualism + Freedom = liberty
    - Rational= deserving of economic, social and political freedoms
      - Rationalism = englightenment
        18th century - age of reason
        
        Rational reason and logic
        Individual freedom, representative democracy, tolerance and international peace and harmony
        
        Knowledge flows from reason and logic. rather than tradition, faith and superstition/ church, custom.
  - Human Nature
    - Optimistic but seeking
  - Foundational equality- equal moral worth - equal rights before the law
  - Views on equality
    - Foundational
      - Opportunity
        Formal
    - All reject equality of outcome (socialism)
    - Believe in meritocracy - hierarchy on peoples efforts
  - Classical liberlism
    - Older strand - rediscovered in economic format with Thatcher -pre 1860
    - Economy -Adam smith, wealth of nations - 1790s
      - Meritocratic
        Inequality is seen as an incentive
      - The invisible hand + dead hand
Potentially evil can embody cohersive and oppressive state power against the indivudal
- Acton
- Government
  - 'Necessary evil' to protect one another from self serving individuals
- Elective dictatorship -lord halshom
  - lead to two nations
- Tyranny of the majority -51%
Limit government
- Separation of power
  - Legislature, Executive, Judiciary
- Pluralism
  - Diverse and competing power groups
- Private proerty
  - economic wealth should not be monopolised, by the state or few rich individuals
- Decentralisation - power as close to the people as possible
  - Equal oppertunities
  - Open government- freedom of information act
Bicameralism
- Two houses
- Limit government
  - Separation of power
    - Legislature, Executive, Judiciary
  - Pluralism
    - Diverse and competing power groups
  - Private proerty
    - economic wealth should not be monopolised, by the state or few rich individuals
  - Decentralisation - power as close to the people as possible
    - Equal oppertunities
    - Open government- freedom of information act
- Checks and balances
Negative freedom - home, family and personal morality (JSMills)
- Tolerance - Voltaire
Jefferson - best that governs least
- Night-watchman state -locke
Modern liberalism
- Disreali Conservatives - T.H Green
- T. H Green -state help and intervention where necessary in order to allow self fulfilment
  - Positive freedom- state intervention - freedom to- state more empowered- interventionist role in people lives - mixed economy/ Bill of Rights
- Economy
  - rejects total free market - mixed economy - enabling state - education, welfare, health
  - Beveridge - 1940s post war welfare - 5 giants - disease , want, ignorance, indolence, squalor - Developmental individualism
    - Hand up not hand out. not socialist cradle to grave
Still favour individual freedom and consitiution and representive governement - need more state invertvention in peoples lives - lack of equality of opportunity
- Still mechanistic - himan natural rational - self interested- individual freedom- private property as a natural right
- Modern liberalism
  - Disreali Conservatives - T.H Green
  - T. H Green -state help and intervention where necessary in order to allow self fulfilment
    - Positive freedom- state intervention - freedom to- state more empowered- interventionist role in people lives - mixed economy/ Bill of Rights
  - Economy
    - rejects total free market - mixed economy - enabling state - education, welfare, health
    - Beveridge - 1940s post war welfare - 5 giants - disease , want, ignorance, indolence, squalor - Developmental individualism
      - Hand up not hand out. not socialist cradle to grave
Critised negative freedom- survival of the fittest
- Social justice
  - Economic efficency
    - Social harmony
John M. Keynes - borrowing money - public spending

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LCW Liberalism Hodg

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