Social and Cultural Developments in germany 1924-28
- Created by: Becca Newman
- Created on: 18-06-19 16:51
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- Social + Cultural Developments in Germany 1924-28
- Social Welfare Reform
- Weimar constitution gave citizens more rights - some embraced + others lamented
- 1926 the State was supporting more than 800,000 veterans + 360,000 war widows + over 900,000 war orphans
- After 1924 taxes were increased
- Means tests + snoopers were used to make sure no on was cheating the system + increasing delays in payments
- Those in need of support felt humiliated + insulted by the system
- Means tests + snoopers were used to make sure no on was cheating the system + increasing delays in payments
- After 1924 taxes were increased
- Living Standards and lifestyles
- Position of Women
- Much talk about the 'New Woman'
- Women had voting rights + access to education + equal opportunities in civil service + right to equal pay
- By 1925 36% of the workforce was female
- By 1933 there were 100,000 women teachers + 3000 women doctors
- By 1925 36% of the workforce was female
- Women had voting rights + access to education + equal opportunities in civil service + right to equal pay
- Over 2 million young german men had been killed during the war - lees opportunity for women to marry and have kids
- War also brought many women into employment - many young women expected different lives from theur mothers
- Not everyone approved of the change
- Women had voting rights + access to education + equal opportunities in civil service + right to equal pay
- By 1925 36% of the workforce was female
- By 1933 there were 100,000 women teachers + 3000 women doctors
- By 1925 36% of the workforce was female
- The most popular women's group of the 1920s was the League of german Women (BDF)
- Promoted traditional family values - supported by Churches
- 'Demobilization laws required women to leave their jobs so returning soldiers could find work
- No female representatives in the Reichstag
- In 1930 there were an estimated 10-12,000 deaths each year from illegal abortions
- No female representatives in the Reichstag
- Women had voting rights + access to education + equal opportunities in civil service + right to equal pay
- Not everyone approved of the change
- War also brought many women into employment - many young women expected different lives from theur mothers
- Much talk about the 'New Woman'
- Young People
- Education
- Alongside the Gymnasium schools - there were the Realschule (6 years of schools for those going into apprenticeships)
- System divided along class + religious lines
- Education reformers wanted to break these divides + provide one education for all
- this was unsuccessful - but they did introduce elementary schools
- Those who didn't pass the gymnasium entrance exam could stay on at elementary school for another 4 years
- this was unsuccessful - but they did introduce elementary schools
- Catholics + Protestants defended their rights to teach by their religions
- Education reformers wanted to break these divides + provide one education for all
- System divided along class + religious lines
- Alongside the Gymnasium schools - there were the Realschule (6 years of schools for those going into apprenticeships)
- Youth Groups
- Wandervogel - nationalistic middle class boys spent time outdoors
- Church youth groups - tasks of youths were to promote religious observance + respect for the church, family, school
- Political Youth Groups - SPD youth movement had the most members; The Bismarck Youth of the DNVP was quite popular; Hitler Youth growth was slow
- Church youth groups - tasks of youths were to promote religious observance + respect for the church, family, school
- Wandervogel - nationalistic middle class boys spent time outdoors
- Concerns of young people breaking free from traditional behaviour
- Children from working class families had to leave school at 14 + begin work
- 1925-26 17% of the unemployed were 14-21 because there was a baby boom
- Many young people seeking work when employers were reducing workforces
- Day centres were established to teach the unemployed young new skills
- Many young people joined gangs for comradeship
- Many young people seeking work when employers were reducing workforces
- 1925-26 17% of the unemployed were 14-21 because there was a baby boom
- Children from working class families had to leave school at 14 + begin work
- Education
- Jews
- Politics
- Jewish publishing firms always had powerful influence
- Walter Rathenau was Jewish and became Foreign minister in 1922 + was a leading member of the DDP
- Jews also supported the SPD + KPD (Rosa Luxemburg, Hugo Haase)
- Walter Rathenau was Jewish and became Foreign minister in 1922 + was a leading member of the DDP
- Jewish publishing firms always had powerful influence
- Industry + Professions
- The Rathenau family owned the huge electrical company AEG until 1929
- Jewish firms dominated coal-mining, steelworks + chemical industry
- Very little influence in the Rhineland or the Ruhr
- Jews owned about 1/2 of the firms in the cloth trade
- Very little influence in the Rhineland or the Ruhr
- Jewish firms dominated coal-mining, steelworks + chemical industry
- Jewish mining families owned about 50% of private banks
- In the 1920s the role of Jews in banking was declining
- Jews were 16% of lawyers + 11% of doctors - especially high numbers in Berlin
- The Rathenau family owned the huge electrical company AEG until 1929
- Anti-Semitism
- Many Jews wanted to assimilate + considered themselves German
- However many Germans didn't want to stop viewing Jews as aliens
- Jewish Bolshevism (Jews linked to Communism) was supported by nationalists + right wingers
- During the Golden age A-S was pushed to the side
- Jewish Bolshevism (Jews linked to Communism) was supported by nationalists + right wingers
- However many Germans didn't want to stop viewing Jews as aliens
- Many Jews wanted to assimilate + considered themselves German
- 1925 Barmat Scandal
- The Barmat brothers (Julius, Salomon + henri) were jewish businessmen
- Convicted of bribing public officials to get loans from the prussian State Bank + national Post Office
- The Barmat brothers (Julius, Salomon + henri) were jewish businessmen
- More than 1/2 million Jews lived in germany - 80% lived in cities + were well educated
- Jews were only 1% of the population but had a lot of influence in politics, press, business and banking
- Politics
- 1924-28 living standards improved
- trade unions negotiated wages
- Business owners benefited from germany's trading position
- Those dependent on welfare benefits were less well off
- Farmers + those who had lost their savings suffered
- trade unions negotiated wages
- Position of Women
- Development of Arts and Culture in the Weimar Republic
- 1920s was an explosion of art and creativity - cradle of modernity
- Berlin's Nightclubs
- Famous for their cabarets
- The Eldorado was a 'supermarket of eroticism'
- Gays, lesbians + transvestites could freely express their identity
- The Eldorado was a 'supermarket of eroticism'
- American Jazz music featured heavily
- Comedians attacked politicians + authoriatian attitudes
- Traditionalists felt that order + discipline had been eroded
- Gays, lesbians + transvestites could freely express their identity
- Traditionalists felt that order + discipline had been eroded
- Comedians attacked politicians + authoriatian attitudes
- Famous for their cabarets
- Art
- Expressionism - express emotion rather than reality
- Kandinsky, George Grosz, Franz Marc + Ernst Ludwig
- Expressionism - express emotion rather than reality
- Music
- Expressionsim influecned music
- Schoenberg conveyed powerful emotions - 'atonal' music (lacked key + harsh sounds)
- Expressionsim influecned music
- Literature
- Expressionism - focusing on a character's inner state
- Key theme was revolting against parental authority
- Thomas mann won the nobel prize in 1929 - left Germany after the Nazis came to power
- Key theme was revolting against parental authority
- Expressionism - focusing on a character's inner state
- Architecture
- Bauhaus at dessau by William Gropius in 1919
- School of architecture, art, design + photogrpahy
- Encouraged to use new material + break down conventions
- School of architecture, art, design + photogrpahy
- Bauhaus at dessau by William Gropius in 1919
- Theatre
- Expressionist ideas + used symbolism to convey a message
- Experimental theatre attacked politicians + capitalism + nationalism + war
- The Threepenny opera - made heros of prostitutes and criminals
- Experimental theatre attacked politicians + capitalism + nationalism + war
- Expressionist ideas + used symbolism to convey a message
- Film
- Developed modern techniques
- Jews fritz lang, Billy Wilder, Josef Von Sternberg were film pioneers
- Developed modern techniques
- Social Welfare Reform
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