Religious pluralism and theology
- Created by: 09riversj
- Created on: 19-02-20 14:14
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- Religious pluralism and theology
- Exclusivism
- D'Costa
- RAE
- = salvation only through Christ
- Controlling beliefs
- 'sola Christus' = only through Christ
- John: 'No one gets to the Father except through me'
- 'audi ex fidetu' = hearing the Gospel
- Accepting baptism
- Sinfulness of human nature
- 'sola Christus' = only through Christ
- Controlling beliefs
- Barth: God reveals to those whom he chooses aka the elect
- Kraemer: Religion should be considered in its entirety not piece by piece - either a religions accepts salvation by Christ or not
- Calvin
- = salvation only through Christ
- UAE
- = God wills salvation for everyone, but must work for it - only through the Church
- Timothy 1 - God enables all to have the knowledge and gave Jesus as a means
- RCC: In 'Domini Jesus' it says pluralism and inclusivity undermines Jesus' sarifice
- 'extra ecclesium nulla salis' = there is no salvation outside the Church
- Pope Paul: 'the Truth which enlightens everyone'
- Oneness/unicity - RCC satisfies the necessary conditions for salvation whereas other religions are 'deficient'
- Non-christian religions 'reflect a ray of that Truth'
- = God wills salvation for everyone, but must work for it - only through the Church
- RAE
- Broad = all Christians will be saved
- Narrow = only some Christian denominations will be saved
- RCC: 'extra ecclesium nulla salis'
- D'Costa
- Inclusivism
- = Christianity is the best way to salvation but there is a possibility for those outside to also receive it
- KOG is innate - Calvin sensus divinitatis
- After death, in the beatific vision (coming face to face with God) they will convert to Christianity
- God is omnibenevolent - wills the salvation for all
- Non-Christian religions 'reflect rays of the Truth' - the Golden Rule is also in Judaism and Islam
- D'Costa
- Structural Inclusivism (SI)
- Rahner
- Human experience of knowledge is limited and finite -> gives is an 'openness' to God -> we desire salvation
- When you go into yourself and reflect on your being you are realising God's grace
- This is IMPLICIT knowledge - cannot be proven but supported by many religions
- Only Christianity provides EXPLICIT knowledge
- This is IMPLICIT knowledge - cannot be proven but supported by many religions
- Anonymous Christianity = having an openness to grace or following the Christian ideals but not a Christian
- Aquinas' Votum Ecclesia = invisible Church - for those who don't have the opportunity to receive Christ
- Inculpable ignorant
- Lived before Christ
- Heidegger: As humans, we instinctively desire grace - following another religion is sufficient
- Aquinas' Votum Ecclesia = invisible Church - for those who don't have the opportunity to receive Christ
- = when the structure of another religions provides an 'openness' to God and salvation
- Parable of the Sheep and the Goats
- Rahner
- Restrictive Inclusivism (RI)
- God makes provisions for those who do not receive the Gospel
- Even if they follow the natural law, have a conscience and engage with their religion
- Cannot be considered to be salvific
- Structural Inclusivism (SI)
- = Christianity is the best way to salvation but there is a possibility for those outside to also receive it
- Pluralism
- Problems
- = multiple paths to salvation of which Xtianity is one
- D'Costa
- Unitary Theological Pluralism (UTP)
- Hick
- The philosophicalbasis
- Kant and the an-Sich
- Whilst religions are phenomenally different, they are nominally the same
- Refer to the same underlying an-Sich aka Eternal One
- It became apparent to Hick that not all religions are theistic
- Whilst religions are phenomenally different, they are nominally the same
- Wittgenstein, language and 'see-the-world-as-is'
- Wittgenstein's duck rabbit image shows how different people view the same image
- Similar for God, one God but interpreted differently - e.g. Hindu Brahman, Trinity in Xtianity
- Wittgenstein's analysis of language is that how humans express experiences is ambiguous
- Wittgenstein's duck rabbit image shows how different people view the same image
- Morality and the reality-entered life
- Religious people live moral lives and undeniable of their positive contributions to the world - mission work
- Kant and the an-Sich
- The theological task
- Theocentric (God-centred) not Christocentric (Christ)
- Job of theologians to reinterpret scriptures as myths not facts - gives symbolic significance
- In particular the reincarnation etc. to remove the exclusivity of Xtianity - allows for wholly belief in God
- Bultmann: demythologising the Bible -> inclusive/ pluralist historical text with symbolic stories
- Job of theologians to reinterpret scriptures as myths not facts - gives symbolic significance
- The myth of Jesus' divinity
- Remove the sola Christus
- Meant to show Jesus' special consciousness of God
- But, became falsely objectified and treated a fact over myth
- Meant to show Jesus' special consciousness of God
- When the sola Christus is removed what is left of Xtianity?
- Remove the sola Christus
- Theocentric (God-centred) not Christocentric (Christ)
- The philosophicalbasis
- Hick
- Pluriform Theological Pluralism (PTP)
- Ward
- UTP still claims 'one light many lamps'
- PTP argues there can be many many lights
- Like Indra's Net - interlinking and reflect each other
- Creates a hierarchy of truth claims by religions - instead many truths
- PTP argues there can be many many lights
- UTP still claims 'one light many lamps'
- Ward
- Ethical Theological Pluralism (ETP)
- Knitter
- Religions share aims one of which is soteriology
- UTP suffers from same imperialism is tries to avoid
- Advocate for inter-faith dialogue - tolerance
- Agrees with liberation theology's bottom up approach - removing injustice
- Knitter
- Unitary Theological Pluralism (UTP)
- Discussion points
- What are the necessary and sufficient conditions/controlling beliefs for salvation?
- Exclusivism
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