Population

Created by: lucy
Created on: 04-01-13 10:58

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Population
- Managing population
  - Transmigration in indonesia
  - china's one child policy
  - Australia's migration policy
  - Dependancy ratio
    - Ageing population = East Devon, UK
    - Youthful population = Uganda
  - Sweden encouraged larger familys
  - Ageing and youthful population
    - social impacts
    - Economic impacts
- Demographic transition model
  - 5 stages
    - Stage 3 - late expanding
      - China
        Reliant on exports
        
        One Child policy to reduce population
    - Stage 2 - early expanding
      - Nepal
    - stage 4 - low fluctuating
      - UK
    - Stage 1 - high fluctuating
      - Tribes
        Kayapo people on big bend of Xingu tributary of Amazon - Brazil
    - stage 5 - decline
      - Japan
        More elderly than youths
  - Pros
    - easy to compare a country with the DTM
    - gives good generalised picture of how a population can change over time
    - can forecast how its population can change - allows for policies such as one child policy in china
  - Cons
    - extreme poverty and low levels of development may cause lack of popt growth and prevent LEDC's passing through stages
    - population in other countries may have different customs eg Catholicism
    - cant predict exactly when countries will reach each stage or how long it will last
    - doesn't take into account other factors eg education which effect BR
    - doesn't consider migration
    - original did not have a stage 5 - added when some moved out of stage 4
    - population control policies/civil war/infectious disease?
    - original data used was from an MEDC - may not be valid world wide
- Urban and rural characteristics
  - Wealth
    - Inner city - Poorest sections of the urban population live here, more wealthy people live in redeveloped areas
      - wealth tends to increase as you move out of the city
        Rural area - wealthiest residents who've moved out of the city and some less wealthy original residents
  - Age structure
    - Inner city - high proportion of young people
      - Suburbs - Mostly families with children
        Rural/urban fringe - Mostly families with children, more elderly people.
        Rural area - Higher proportion of elderly people
  - Employment
    - inner city - high proportion of students, unemployed and semi-skilled or unskilled workers where some professionals live in redeveloped areas
      - more employment in tertiary sector and skilled manual workers
        proportion in tertiary sector increases
        Rural areas - high proportion of workers in professional and managerial sectors and agricultural workers
  - Ethnicity
    - Inner city - High proportions of ethnic minoritys
      - Rural = majority white
      - Proportion decreases toward rural area
  - Provision of services
    - inner city - often an area of decay with derelict warehouse and industrial areas, close to city centre so has lots of services
      - suburbs - some local shopping parades, good transport to city centre and good availability of transport
        rural/urban fringe - location for out of town shopping centres, airports and recreational facilities such as golf
        Rural areas - village shops may have closed as more residents shop in urban ares on commute to work and there is a lack of public transport.
  - Housing
    - Inner city - High density housing built in the 19th century and high-rise blocks of flats with some warehouses being redeveloped.
      - Suburbs - A mix of 20th century detached and semi-detached housing with gardens, close to inner city = council owned property, further out = privately owned, larger housing with gardens and drives
        Rural/urban fringe - low-density, high quality private housing.
        Rural - Large, privately owned housing and new estates.
  - 6 factors affect welfare of people living in each zone
    - Social
      - crime rate is high in the inner city - unemployment /poverty? poor relationships between police and community
      - tension between different ethnicities in inner city due to high proportion of ethnic minority and can occur in rural if to much migration
      - Rural areas can also experience social problems eg lack of transport
    - environmental
      - Graffiti and vandalism = highest levels at derelict buildings and may be high in suburbs where larger popt = youths
      - old, poor quality housing in state of disrepair = poor living environment
      - air pollution is at its highest in inner city due to industrial sites and high volume of traffic
    - economic
      - poverty is highest in inner city = leads to higher DR and poorer health due to poorer nutrition, poor education and poor access to services
      - Industrial decline and lack of investment = unemployment and increasing unemployment due to agricultural decline
- Population indicators
  - infant mortality rate
  - Death rate
  - fertility rate
  - Birth rate
  - Life expectancy
  - Migration rate
  - Natural increase
  - Population density
- Population structure and migration
  - intermigration
  - Intramigration
  - Pull factors
  - Push factors

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Population

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