Polymer Revolution
- Created by: Gregory Brewster
- Created on: 09-01-15 11:37
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- POLYMER REVOLUTION
- Mass Spectroscopy
- Sample Inlet
- Vaporise in the vaccum
- Ionisation
- Bombarded with electrons to create positive cations
- Acceleration
- Electric field gives the ions the same kinetic energy
- Drift Region
- Larger ions accelerate less
- Detector
- Show the masses and relative abundance
- The molecular ion (largest) gives you the original molecule
- The base peak shows the most abundant ion and is at 100%
- Isotope peaks
- this shows the abundance of istopes
- Sample Inlet
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Electrostatic force between oxygen and hydrogen lone pairs
- Occurs in water bc of the large uneven charge distrobution
- Hydrogen Bonding Requirements
- H atom made partially positive by a highly elecn atom (O,F,N)
- A lone pair of electrons on a O, F, N
- Small Molecule
- More hydrogen bonds, more viscous and a higher boiling point
- Alkene
- Unsaturated
- Weak double bond
- Lower boiling point than alkane
- Test
- React with Br2 and it should go from red/brown to colourless
- Br atoms bond to the C=C double bond
- 120 bond angle, three areas of elect density, trigonal planar
- Electrophilic Addition
- Mechanism
- Curly arrow- movement of pairs of electrons
- Electrophile- positive molecule attracted to a negative region
- Nucleophile- a negatively charged molecule with a spare lone pair
- Addition Reaction- smaller molecules form a larger molecule
- Br2 (s)
- 1,2 - dibromoethane
- Room T + P
- HBr (aq)
- Bromoethane
- Room T + P
- HBr in a polar solvent
- H20 (l)
- Ethanol
- Room T + P
- Concentrated H2SO4
- High T + P
- Phosphoric acid and Silica
- H2 (g)
- Ethane
- Room T + P
- Platinum
- High T + P
- Nickel
- Mechanism
- E/Z Isomers
- Conditions
- Lack of free rotation (double bond)
- Each of the carbon atoms must have to groups
- E- different side
- Z- same side
- E iisomers have a lower boiling point bc the pd is cancelled out out
- Conditions
- Alcohols
- Primary- the OH carbon is bonded to 2 hydrogens
- Secondary- the OH carbon is bonded to 1 hydrogen
- Tertiary- the OH carbon is bonded to no hydrogen
- Oxidation
- p--->a-->ca s-->k t-->x
- Ketone
- Aldehydes
- Carboxylic Acids
- Catalyst- Acidifiied Potassium Dichromate
- Alcohol molecules are polar bc of the polarised OH bond
- Dehydration
- Alcohol vapour passed over a hot alumina catalyst
- Loss of water molecule
- Becomes an alkene
- Elimination Reaction - loss of a smaller molecule
- Thermoplastic Thermoset
- Thermoplastic- no cross links. Can be moulded and set when heated
- Thermosets- covalent cross links and so it doesn't move when heated
- Dipole Bonding
- Dipole- a molecule/ part of a molecule with a partial positive and negative charge
- Id-Id
- This occurs when a molecule doesn't have an uneven charge
- There is still an attraction bc it depends on where the electrons are situated
- More electrons, more polarised, stronger bond
- More energy required to break Pd than Id
- Pd- Pd
- This is when a molecule has atoms with uneven elecn
- Electronegativity
- The relative ability of an atom to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond
- x has a higher elecn than y so it pulls the electron pair closer to itself
- Elecn depends on
- Amount of electrons
- Amount of electron shields
- Decreases as you move down a group
- Distance from/size of nucleus
- Decreases as you move down a group
- Increases as you move across a period
- Polymers
- Made up of many monomers
- A-A or A-B
- Monomers usually contain double bonds
- Chain Length
- Branching
- Stereoregularity
- Chain Flexibility
- Cross Linking
- Made up of many monomers
- Mass Spectroscopy
- Polymers
- Made up of many monomers
- A-A or A-B
- Monomers usually contain double bonds
- Chain Length
- Branching
- Stereoregularity
- Chain Flexibility
- Cross Linking
- Made up of many monomers
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