organic chem
- Created by: reannew
- Created on: 10-03-16 17:44
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- Organic Chem
- Homologous Series
- 'family of compounds'
- each series has the same formula and functional group
- each member increases by CH2 going down the group
- BP increases down group ~ more IM forces (WdW)
- size of molecules increase down group
- Families!!
- alkANes Ch4, Methane
- C-C and C-H single bonds only
- suffix -ANE
- alkENes CH2=CH2, methene
- C=C double bond
- suffix - ENE
- Halogenoalkanes CH3Cl, chloromethane
- halogen bonded to C
- prefix and suffix depend on halogen
- alcohols CH3OH, Methanol
- OH attached to a hydrocarbon
- suffix -OL prefix HYDROXY-
- Aldehydes CH3CH=O, Ethanal
- C=O at end of chain, H on same C
- suffix -AL
- Ketones CH3C=OCH3, Propanone
- C=O in middle of chain
- suffix -ONE
- Carboxylic acid CH3CH2C=OOH, propanoic acid
- C=O and OH group at end of chain
- alkANes Ch4, Methane
- Alkene Nomenclature
- IUPAC rules
- 1. find and name the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the functional group
- 2. identify and name groups attached to this chain
- 3. number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest the substituent group
- 4. designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name
- 5. assemble the name, listing the groups in alphabetical order.
- IUPAC rules
- 1. find and name the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the functional group
- 2. identify and name groups attached to this chain
- 3. number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest the substituent group
- 4. designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name
- 5. assemble the name, listing the groups in alphabetical order.
- 5. assemble the name, listing the groups in alphabetical order.
- 4. designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name
- 3. number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest the substituent group
- 2. identify and name groups attached to this chain
- 1. find and name the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the functional group
- IUPAC rules
- 5. assemble the name, listing the groups in alphabetical order.
- 4. designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name
- 3. number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest the substituent group
- 2. identify and name groups attached to this chain
- 1. find and name the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the functional group
- IUPAC rules
- isomerism
- structural isomers
- position isomers
- same carbon chain, different bond position
- same molecular formula and functionalgroup
- chain isomers
- same molecular formula
- different arrangement of carbon skeleton
- functional group isomers
- same molecular formula and functional group
- change between "pairs of molecules"
- aldehydes and ketones
- cycloalkane and alkanes
- alcohol and ether
- carboxylic acid and ester
- position isomers
- E - Z isomers
- possible in alkene structures because there is no rotation about the double bond
- alkenes can only have a pair of E-Z isomers if both carbons of the C=C have 2 different groups bonded to them
- Z groups- primary groups on same side
- E groups- primary groups on opposite sides
- structural isomers
- Alkanes and petroleum
- petroleum = crude oil
- alkenes - saturated hydrocarbons
- fractional distillation
- crude oil isnt useful in its raw form, so we use FD to separate it into useful fractions
- how it works
- 1. crude oil is vaporised
- 2. the oil starts at the bottom of the fractioning column and rises through the trays
- 3. the largest hydrocarbonsdont vaporise at all, and they run to the bottom
- 4. as crude oil vapour goes up the fractioning column, it gets cooler, creating a temperature gradient.
- 5. the BP increases as the hydrocarbons get longer, allowing each fraction to condense at a different temperature
- 6. the smallest hydrocarbons with the lowest BPs don't condense at all, theyre drawn out as gasses from the top.
- how it works
- 1. crude oil is vaporised
- 2. the oil starts at the bottom of the fractioning column and rises through the trays
- 3. the largest hydrocarbonsdont vaporise at all, and they run to the bottom
- 4. as crude oil vapour goes up the fractioning column, it gets cooler, creating a temperature gradient.
- 5. the BP increases as the hydrocarbons get longer, allowing each fraction to condense at a different temperature
- 6. the smallest hydrocarbons with the lowest BPs don't condense at all, theyre drawn out as gasses from the top.
- 6. the smallest hydrocarbons with the lowest BPs don't condense at all, theyre drawn out as gasses from the top.
- 5. the BP increases as the hydrocarbons get longer, allowing each fraction to condense at a different temperature
- 4. as crude oil vapour goes up the fractioning column, it gets cooler, creating a temperature gradient.
- 3. the largest hydrocarbonsdont vaporise at all, and they run to the bottom
- 2. the oil starts at the bottom of the fractioning column and rises through the trays
- 1. crude oil is vaporised
- how it works
- 6. the smallest hydrocarbons with the lowest BPs don't condense at all, theyre drawn out as gasses from the top.
- 5. the BP increases as the hydrocarbons get longer, allowing each fraction to condense at a different temperature
- 4. as crude oil vapour goes up the fractioning column, it gets cooler, creating a temperature gradient.
- 3. the largest hydrocarbonsdont vaporise at all, and they run to the bottom
- 2. the oil starts at the bottom of the fractioning column and rises through the trays
- 1. crude oil is vaporised
- uses
- 1-4 carbon chain: gasses, liquefied petroleum, camping gas
- 5-12 chain: petrol
- 15-19 chain: gas oil, diesel fuel
- 50+ chain: bitumen, roofing, road surfacing
- Homologous Series
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