Molecular Biology

Created by: BThorogood
Created on: 19-02-15 13:47

View mindmap

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- MOLECULES
  - RIBOSE
  - SATURATED FATTY ACID
  - AMINO ACID
  - UN-SATURATED FATTY ACID
  - GLUCOSE
    - ALPHA
    - BETA
- WATER
  - ADHESIVE
    - Attracted to other substances
  - COHESIVE
    - Attracted to other water molecules
    - Allows water to move through the xylem
  - LATENT HEAT CAPACITY
    - Causes rapid cooling
    - Allows temperature to be controlled
  - HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
    - Maintains constant internal body conditions in organisms
  - STRUCTURE
    - Oxygen is negative, and hydrogen is positive
    - Forms hydrogen bonds
- LIPIDS
  - ENERGY STORAGE
    - short-term storage
    - soluble
    - easily and more rapidly digested
      - fast energy use
    - easily transported
    - no effect on osmosis
    - long-term storage
    - difficult to transport
    - insoluble
    - more energy per gram
      - lighter store
  - FATTY ACIDS
    - Saturated: Every carbon has all of its bonds made
    - Unsaturated: At least one carbon bond is free
      - Poly-unsaturated: More than one C=C bond
      - Mono-unsaturated: One C=C bond
        Cis- isomers
        causes a kink
        
        same side
        
        loosely packed
        
        Trans-isomers
        different side
        
        can be tightly packed
        
        doesn't cause a kink
- PROTEINS
  - The Levels of Protein Structure
    - Primary: The order in which the specific amino acids are combined.
    - Secondary: Refers to the coiling or the folding of a polypeptide chain.
    - Tertiary: Refers to the 3D structure of the polypeptide chain.
    - Quaternary: Refers to the structure of a protein maromolecule formed by interactions between multiple peptide chains.
  - POLAR AND NON-POLAR AMINO ACIDS
    - Polar
      - Hydrophilic R groups.
      - For membrane-bound proteins, they line the interior pores.
      - For water-soluble proteins, they are found on the surface.
    - Non-Polar
      - Hydrophobic R groups.
      - For water-soluble proteins, they are found in the centre.
      - For membrane-bound proteins, they line the interior pores.
  - TYPES OF PROTEIN
    - Rubisco: The enzyme that catalyses the first reaction of the Calvin Cycle.
    - Insulin: A hormone, produced by the pancreas, that causes a decrease in blood sugar levels and an increase of sugar inside the body’s cells.
    - Rhodopsin: A pigment, found in the retina of the eye, which is particularly useful in conditions of low light.
    - Immunoglo-bulin: Another name for an antibody that recognises antigens, as part of the immune system’s response.
    - Spider Silk: A fibrous protein spun for making webs and drop lines, and building nests
    - Collagen: The main protein component of connective tissue, which is mostly found in skin, tendons and ligaments.
  - FIBROUS AND GLOBULAR PROTEINS
    - FIBROUS PROTEINS
      - Stability: Less sensitive to changes in temperature, pH, etc.
      - Sequence: Repetitive amino acid sequence.
      - Solubility: (Generally) insoluble in water.
      - Role: Structural, for strength and support.
      - Shape: Long and narrow.
    - GLOBULAR PROTEINS
      - Shape: Spherical.
      - Function: Functional, for transport, catalysing reactions.
      - Solubility: (Generally) soluble in water.
      - Stability: More sensitive to changes in temperature, pH, etc.
      - Sequence: Irregular amino acid sequence.
- SUGARS
  - Saccharides
    - Monosaccha-rides: glucose; galactose; fructose
    - Disaccharid-es: maltose; lactose; sucrose
    - Polysacchar-ides: starch; glycogen; cellulose
  - USES
    - ANIMALS
      - Glucose is used as an energy source
      - Lactose is the sugar found in milk for newborn babies
      - Glycogen is a short term energy store
    - PLANTS
      - Fructose makes fruits taste sweet
      - Sucrose is used as an energy store
      - Cellulose fibres make the cell walls strong
  - Condensation Reaction
    - When two monosaccha-rides join to form a disaccharide and release water
    - Hydrolysis Reaction
      - When a disaccharide is split, with the use of water
  - ENERGY STORAGE
    - short-term storage
    - soluble
    - easily and more rapidly digested
      - fast energy use
    - easily transported
    - no effect on osmosis
    - long-term storage
    - difficult to transport
    - insoluble
    - more energy per gram
      - lighter store
When two monosaccha-rides join to form a disaccharide and release water

Get Revising

Molecular Biology

Comments

Similar Biology resources: