Keeping Healthy - B2 OCR mindmap - Mindmap in GCSE Biology

Created by: Holly
Created on: 15-01-13 10:47

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Keeping Healthy
- Circulatory System
  - Supplying blood to your body
    - Blood is moved around your body in blood vessels.
    - Oxygen & nutrients are carried in blood to body cells, waste (C02) is carried away from the cells.
    - The heart pumps the blood around. It has a double pump
  - Heart
    - (Right Side) pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and drop of waste like carbon dioxide.
    - (Left Side) pumps oxygenated blood around the body.
- Major types of Blood Vessels
  - Arteries
    - carries blood away from the heart
    - Comes out at high pressure so the walls are much thicker than veins and are strong but elastic.
  - Veins
    - Bigger lumen to help flood flow easily
    - carry blood back to heart. Bloods at lower pressure so thinner walls
    - . Have valves to make blood flow in right direction.
  - Capillaries
    - carry blood close to cells to exchange substances with them.
    - Have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
    - They supply nutrients and oxygen but take away waste and co2.
    - Walls are only one cell thick, increases rate of diffusion by decreasing the distances in which it occurs.
- Antimicrobals
  - Good points
    - Antibiotics are antimicrobials that can kill bacteria- it cannot get rid of flu/colds as these are viruses.
    - Are chemicals that inhibit the growth of a microorganism or kill it without seriously damaging your own body.
  - Bad Points
    - Some microorganisms can evolve and become resistant to antimicrobials.
    - Sometimes new antimicrobials are created and get rid of it, some cant- these are now ‘superbugs’
    - The process of natural selection happens and this mutation gets passed on as it reproduces. This makes it harder to get rid off.
- Heart + Pulse Rate
  - To allow your blood to pump around your body it has to be put under pressure- blood pressure
  - Heart rate= number of times your heart beats in a minute (in BPM, beats per minute)
  - Pulse rate= number of times an artery pulsates in one minute.
  - Can measure blood pressure by taking a reading of the pressure the blood against the artery’s walls.
- Heart Disease
  - Inner lining of artery is meant to be smooth and unbroken, high blood pressure can damage it.
  - Fat can build up in arteries and restrict blood flow which increases blood pressure.
  - If the coronary artery gets blocked it means that half the hearts muscles don’t get any oxygen and this can cause a heart attack- heart attacks cause series damage or death of the heart muscles with can be fatal.
  - Lifestyle Factors
    - Poor diet
    - Smoking
    - Stress
    - Drugs + Alcohol
- Negative Feedback
  - Homeostatsis
    - s how the body balances it’s inputs & outputs & maintaining a constant internal environment.
  - All these systems are made up of three main components which work together to maintain a steady condition:
    - Receptors
      - detect a change in the environment
    - Effectors
      - produces a response to counteract the change.
    - Processing centres
      - receives information and coordinates a response.
  - When the level of something is too high your body uses negative feedback to get it back to normal.
  - Receptors detect a change in the environment- level is too high/too low
  - Processing centres receives information and coordinates a response.
  - Effectors produce a response to counteract the change- the level decreases/increases
- Controling Water balance
  - Kidneys help regulate water content- water level in cells is really important, it has to be at the right level for cell activity.
  - Inputs + Outputs
    - water can be gained from drinks, food and respiration.
    - water can be lost in sweating, breathing, in poo & urine.
  - If you don’t drink enough water or eat too much salt it produces concentrated urine & drinking lots of water will produce lots of dilute urine.
  - Kidneys help balance substances in the body:
    - Whatever isn’t reabsorbed makes urine which is taken from kidneys and stored in bladder.
    - Reabsorb various things like sugar and as much salt & water the body requires.
    - Kidneys also filter small molecules like water, sugar, salt and waste from blood.
    - Play vital role in balancing levels of water, waste & other chemicals.
  - ADH
    - ADH controls the concentration of urine, it’s released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland.
    - The brain looks at the amount of water in the blood and tells the pituitary gland to release ADH dependant on how much is needed.
    - This whole process is controlled by negative feedback…
    - Decreasing ADH makes your urine increase and increasing ADH makes your urine amount decrease.
      - Alcohol
        stops ADH producing so it makes you urinate more and feel dehydrated.
      - Ecstasy
        increases amount of ADH produced so kidneys produce less urine.
carry blood back to heart. Bloods at lower pressure so thinner walls
Kidneys help balance substances in the body:
- Whatever isn’t reabsorbed makes urine which is taken from kidneys and stored in bladder.
- Reabsorb various things like sugar and as much salt & water the body requires.
- Kidneys also filter small molecules like water, sugar, salt and waste from blood.
- Play vital role in balancing levels of water, waste & other chemicals.

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Keeping Healthy - B2 OCR mindmap

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