Key research for Mental Health (Szasz, Rosehan and Gottesman)
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- Issues in Mental Health - Key Research.
- Rosenhan (1973)
- Theory - He argues that diagnoses were in the mind of the observer, rather than a result of valid summaries.
- Diagnosis depends on the context in which the behaviour is observed.
- Rosenhan's idea was to place sane people inside mental institutes and see if they could be identified as sane.
- A field experiment was used with observations and self report methods.
- 8 psuedo patients aged over 20. all were mentally healthy.
- peadiatrician, psychiatrist, housewife, painter and psychology undergraduate.
- studied 12 hospitals in 5 different US states - private and public.
- Results of Study One
- All bar one were given a diagnosis of Schizophrenia.
- Length of stay in the hospital ranged from 7 - 52 days. average of 19.
- 35 out of 118 real patients voiced suspicions on the sanity of the pseudo patients.
- no staff suspicion.
- bored pacing was nervousness and diary writing was obsessive writing disorder.
- attendants spent 11.3% of their time with patients.
- average daily contact with doctors was 6.8 minutes.
- 2100 pills.
- Second study
- Staff at hospitals were told about the previous research.
- They were told that within the next 3 months one or more pseudo patients would seek entry. (none were used)
- Staff were asjed to rate each patient on a scale of 1-10 on the likelyhood that they were fake patients, with 1 being the strongest belief.
- 41 of the 139 patients in this time were judged as pseudo.
- Of these 41, 23 were judged by at least 1 psychiatrist and 19 by 1 psychiatrist and at least one other member of staff.
- Conclusions
- situation leads to misinterpretation.
- mental health workers are insensitive - patients feel powerless and depersonalisation.
- stickiness of labels.
- Theory - He argues that diagnoses were in the mind of the observer, rather than a result of valid summaries.
- Gottesman et el (2010)
- Theory
- used the Maudsley twin register to find identical twins who had been reared apart.
- eliminates the effect of the enviroments.
- studied 12 twins and found in 7 pairs both had schizophrenia
- new research wanted to use a bigger sample and wanted to see how vulnerable children were.
- sample
- cohort study - used all children born within certain dates.
- danish population with an identifiable mother and father.
- 196 couples both had schizo - 270 kids.
- 83 couples both had bipolar - 149 children.
- 8006 couples where one had schizo - 13,878 children.
- 11,995 couples where one had bipolar - 23,152 children.
- Results
- Schizo (One) - 7%
- Schizo (none) - 0.86%
- Bipolar (None) - 0.48%
- Bipolar (One) - 4.4%
- Schizo (Both) - 27.3%
- Bipolar (Both) - 24.95%
- Conclusions
- having (two) parents with a disorder significantly increases your chances of developing the disorder.
- genes may not influence a specific disorder, rahter a catagory.
- not all children with 'sick' parents developed a disorder, so genes only play a part.
- Theory
- Szasz (2011)
- Section 2
- MI has been medicalised and politicalised.
- The government decides what illnesses exist.
- Section 3
- mental illness is a metaphor.
- the person isnt ill - they are just showing behaviours that have been catagorised as illness.
- if MI has a physical cause, it is a physical illness.
- this has implications for the plea of insanity.
- Section 1
- Fifty Years of Change in US mental healthcare.
- Everyone defined as a MH professional is legally responsible for preventing danger.
- MI is a big business with pharmacuetical industries benefiting.
- Section 4
- psychiatry is a psuedo science.
- has the appearance of a science, but lacks the features of science.
- seeing these as disorders denies responsibility.
- Background
- Challenged the medical view of mental illness.
- he suggests we move away from seeing people with MI as helpless victims.
- szasz is an alternative to the medical model.
- Section 2
- Rosenhan (1973)
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