PSYA4- explanations for smoking
- Created by: amberoliviashortman
- Created on: 25-02-15 20:28
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- explanations for smoking
- there are 1.1billion smokers worldwide
- smoking kills 4 million people a year
- there are 3000 chemical companants in a cigarette but nicotine is the addictive ingredient
- smokers who give up smoking have a 70% relapse rate in the first 3 months after stopping- this is due to unpleasant withdrawal effects
- nicotine has positive reinforcement effects by activating the mesolimbic pathway
- biological factors
- shields- looked at 42 twins reared apart. nine pairs were discordant for smoking behaviour so genes may play a part
- social factors
- most smokers begin the habit in childhood or adolesence
- operant conditioning traditionally states that a child starts smoking to gain powerful peer approval
- however smoking if often very unpleasant the first time around and operant conditioning cannot explain why children persist
- social learning theory states that children imitate the behaviour of role models;
- a child observes their role model smoking and enjoying it and thus persevere with smoking with the expectation that they will enjoy it soon
- operant conditioning traditionally states that a child starts smoking to gain powerful peer approval
- parents also have an influence on smoking beheviour
- Lader and Matheson- children are twice as likely to start smoking if their parents smoke
- Murray et al- in contrast a child is 7 times less likely to smoke if their parents are firmly against smoking
- peer pressure is thought to have a huge influence on smoking behaviour or even bullying if the behaviour is not met
- however
- Michell and west- adolescents are les susceptible to peer pressure. some young people show a readiness for smoking and it is only on this group that the peer pressure has an effect
- young people who have decided they do not want to smoke try to avoid situations where smoking is associated and choose friends who think in the same way
- thus health campaigns have to focus more on making smoking appear uncool. not on resisting peer pressure
- young people who have decided they do not want to smoke try to avoid situations where smoking is associated and choose friends who think in the same way
- Michell and west- adolescents are les susceptible to peer pressure. some young people show a readiness for smoking and it is only on this group that the peer pressure has an effect
- however
- most smokers begin the habit in childhood or adolesence
- individual differences
- USA studies have found strong links between smoking and certain characteristics
- Mosbach and Lenenthal- these characteristics are poor school performance, other risk taking behaviour, low self esteem
- USA studies have found strong links between smoking and certain characteristics
- cognitive factors
- theory of planned behaviour and theory of reasoned action
- Connor et al- investigated the role of planned behaviour in 675 11-12 year olds. they tested them with various baseline measures and 9 months later tested the carbon monoxide in their breath. they found that behavioural intentions were useful predictors of smoking behaviour
- Guo et al- tested 14000+ Chinese school children with TRA and TPB measures and found both were useful predictors of smoking behaviour
- theory of planned behaviour and theory of reasoned action
- Parrott- smoking can increase levels of stress, not decrease like everyone thinks
- there are 1.1billion smokers worldwide
- smoking has a more subtle effect on the brain compared to other psychoactive drugs
- a child observes their role model smoking and enjoying it and thus persevere with smoking with the expectation that they will enjoy it soon
- Michell and west- adolescents are les susceptible to peer pressure. some young people show a readiness for smoking and it is only on this group that the peer pressure has an effect
- young people who have decided they do not want to smoke try to avoid situations where smoking is associated and choose friends who think in the same way
- thus health campaigns have to focus more on making smoking appear uncool. not on resisting peer pressure
- young people who have decided they do not want to smoke try to avoid situations where smoking is associated and choose friends who think in the same way
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