The Era of Reconstruction 1865-77
Background
Johnsson, Grant and the Failure of Radical Reconstruction
Economic Growth
Conflict with Native Americans
Foreign Policy, 1865-77
- Created by: EmSackett
- Created on: 11-10-16 18:55
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- Era of Reconstruction- 1865-77
- Background: The USA in 1865
- Differences between the North and the South
- Economic
- Population
- Immigration
- Population living in towns
- Growth in Industry
- Amount of goods produced
- Industrialisation
- Slavery
- Free trade vs. Tarriffs
- Cultural
- Code of Honour
- Strong Christian faith
- Education
- Political
- Slavery
- S. states wanted to legislate themselves
- N. less hostile to growth in Presidents powers
- Slavery
- S. economy dependent on slaves
- Tobacco and Cotton trade
- A means of social control
- 1777-1858, 19 N. states banned slavery
- Economic
- African Americans and Slavery
- 4 million slaves in 1860
- 50% of slave owners owned no more than 5 slaves
- 1860 there were some 250,000 free African Americans in the S.
- The Civil War
- Causes
- Lincoln elected
- Slavery
- Effects
- Destruction and loss of life
- Economic expense
- Political divisions
- Emancipation of 3.5 million slaves
- Causes
- Differences between the North and the South
- Johnson, Grant and the failure of Radical Reconstruction
- Reconstructio-n under Lincoln
- 13th Amendment freed slaves
- Freedmen's Bureau set up for a year to help ex-slaves find education and employment
- Problems
- How to treat the South
- What to do with 1000's of ex-slaves
- Who would decide Reconstruction policy? Congress or the President?
- Reconstruction under Johnson
- The Black Codes
- African Americans deemed to be unemployed could be forced into working for a white employer
- Chldren could be forced to work on plantations
- African Americans could be precevented from recieving an education
- 14th Amendment stated that people who were born in the USA were US citizens
- 1867 Military reconstruction bill imposed military rule on the south ex. Tennessee
- Command of the Army act reduced Johnsons military powers
- Tenure of Office Act prevented Johnsson from removing office holders - Stanton
- The Black Codes
- The Presidency of Grant
- In favour of firm treatment of the South
- Northerners in the South were nicknamed 'Carpetbaggers'
- Never more than 20,000 troops in the South
- 15th Amendment stated that right to vote should not be denied on basis of race, colour or previous condition of slavery
- Whiskey Ring Scandal
- Network of distillers conspired to defraud the federal government of millions - Grants private secretary was indicted but later aquitted
- Interpretation-s of Reconstructio-n
- Only one man was executed in the South
- In no state did Northerners constitute even 2% of the population
- Carpetbagger influence has been exagerated
- Fall of political influence in the South
- The South remained economically depressed
- Calfax Massacre
- Jim Crow Laws
- Reconstructio-n under Lincoln
- Economic Growth
- Reasons for Industrial Growth
- The Civil war - stimulated need for manufactured goods
- Increased Availability of Land
- Population Growth
- Better Transport
- Increased availability of Capital
- Laizzes Faire Government
- New Business Methods - Corporations and Trusts
- Technology
- The Impact of Industrial Growth
- The Depression of 1873
- Urbanisation
- Worse Living Conditions
- Slums
- Corrupt Officials running the city
- Agriculture did not prosper
- Reasons for Industrial Growth
- Conflict with Native Americans
- Reasons for Westward Expansion
- The Manifest Destiny
- Belief that God had chosen them to populate America
- Racist Doctrine
- Federal Territories
- Created to gain control of lands west of Mississipi
- As territories they became subject to US laws
- At 60,00 a territory could apply to become a state
- Had authority to make own laws
- The Homestead act 1862
- Released 160 acre plots for free if farmers would farm them for the next 5 years
- By 1865 20,000 had settled
- Timber and Culture act 1873
- Gave further 160 acres if 40 was planted with trees
- Desert and Land Act
- Offered further 460 acres at $1.20 per acre if some of it was irrigated
- Railroads
- 1862 Pacific Railroad Act
- Tracks met in 1869
- Disturbed Buffalo
- Brought more settlers to the plains
- Second Gold Rush
- Black Hills of Dakota
- Mid-1870's
- US gov. had recognized Black Hills asbelonging to Native Americans
- Treaty of Laramie
- Ignored
- Treaty of Laramie
- The Manifest Destiny
- Impact on Native Americans
- Reservation Policy
- Put Native Americans on gov. controlled reservations
- Tried to 'Americanise' them
- Harsh
- Dependent on food supplied by the gov.
- People starved
- Total Dependence on white Americans for everything was humiliating
- Some Native American Agents were corrupt
- Great Sioux War 1876
- Broke out after the discovery of Gold in Dakota
- Gov. offered Native Americans $6 million - this failed
- Any Native Americans who was outside of a reservation after 31 Jan 1876 would be treated as hostile
- Reservation Policy
- Reasons for Westward Expansion
- Foreign Policy 1865-7
- Foreign Involvement
- 1923 Monroe Doctrine
- Policy was to avoid getting involved in European affairs unless American interests were involved
- Policy of Isolationism
- 1923 Monroe Doctrine
- Expansionism
- Far East and Dominican Republic
- 1868 - Burlingame treaty - promoted trade with China
- 1869 Dominican republic offered itself for colonisation but Congress refused
- Alaska
- Bought from Russia for $7.2 million - 1867
- To maintain good relations with Russia
- Expand US rule and keep the British out
- Felt that the development of Alaskan harbours might provide a gateway to Northern Asia where the US Merchant ships could fuel and get provisions
- Far East and Dominican Republic
- Britain and Canada
- Confederate ships built in British dockyards
- US demanded compensation after the civil war - $2 billion
- Canada became independent in 1867
- Eventually Britain agreed to pay $15.5 million in 1872
- Foreign Involvement
- Background: The USA in 1865
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