does a focus on environmental and nonhuman history mean more scientific methods

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  • does a focus on environmental history and non-human agents require historians to adopt different, more scientific methodologies and forms of evidence
    • disease and microorganisms - Alfred Crosby 112
      • covid shown contemporary audiences and historians, alike, the ways in which nonhuman things (such as disease/ virus) have a kind of agency - mutating etc
        • while can look at qualitative and emotive sources for human response, in order to understand history of nonhuman agents, need to look at scientific methods
      • seeing microorganisms and disease as aggressive and opportunistic - 413 - Alfred W Crosby
        • requires a statistical and biological approach
    • ARGUMENT no longer human-centric, means different methods and evidence - yes more scientific
      • acknowledge that the question asks whether more scientific methodologies - acknowledge the upturn since Ranke but now xyz
    • environmental history
      • anthropoceneand climate change
        • Paul J Crutzen - measured (and defined) by growing CO2 and methane emissions - 23. demography x3 in the last 300 years, looking at nitrogen in the soil
          • Bonneuil - humans long had an impact upon the earth, now the earth acting back so important to recognise non-human agency and finding news ways of understanding it and our interrelated hsitory - 1
            • Chakrabarty -> typically humancentred history, now recognising interrelated with nonhuman factors esp in context of environmental history = humans as biological and geological agents - 206, move away from humanist histories - 206
    • Robert Darnton -> importance of printers in the Enlightenment, understanding how ideas were transmitted (e.g. printed elsewhere bcos illegal) tells us things - 80
      • looking at stands can tell us what was consumed, but not how or why they were consumed
      • requires a look at statistics etc - selling records - objective

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