chemistry

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  • Created by: t71093
  • Created on: 08-10-22 17:13
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  • polymers
    • addition polymerisation
      • the joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer
        • alkenes are the monomers used
        • this is because the carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes can open up to allow multiple alkenes to join together
        • the polymer is the only product of the reaction, this means that the repeating unit has exactly the same atoms as the monomer
        • when ethene monomers undergo addition polymerisation, poly(ethene) is the product
    • proteins
      • such as enzymes, haemoglobin, and antibodies, perform many crucial roles in living organisms
        • enzymes catalyse biological reactions
        • haemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood
        • antibodies play a crucial role in our immune systems
      • bonds, called peptide links, form between the amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids, this produces polypeptides
      • when one or more polypeptides becomes associated, a macromolecule called a protein is formed
    • DNA
      • stands for deoxyribonnucleic acid
        • encodes (produces) the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms and viruses
        • most DNA molecules are made up of 2 polymer chains arranged in the form of a double helix
        • the polymers are made from monomers known as nucleotides
          • each nucleotide contains one of the following 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
    • naturally occurring polymers
      • polymers, such as DNA, occur in nature and can be extracted
        • other naturally occurring polymers that are important for life include: starch and cellulose
          • sugars are the monomers that combine to give starch and cellulose
        • all of these molecules fall into the category of carbohydrates
          • amino acids are the monomers that combine to give proteins

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