PSYA4- Biological influences
- Created by: amberoliviashortman
- Created on: 24-02-15 19:35
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- Biological influences on addictive beheviour
- Biological models
- these state that addictions are: specific/ within the individual/ irreversible/ an illness/ and emphasis is placed on treatment
- genetics
- Lerman et al- found a link between tobacco smoking and the gene found in dopamine regulation
- Comings et al - found a link between cocaine, heroin, and cannabis to genes in a different brain system
- Lerman et al- found a link between tobacco smoking and the gene found in dopamine regulation
- family studies
- Merikangas- 36% of relatives of individuals with a alcohol use disorder also developed a disorder
- although there are several supporting studies it is impossible to separate environmental factors from biological
- twin studies have found evidence of a genetic component
- Kendler et al- heritability of nicotine dependence 60-70%
- Heath and Martin- heritability of alcohol dependence 39-60%
- Kendler et al- heritability of nicotine dependence 60-70%
- Merikangas- 36% of relatives of individuals with a alcohol use disorder also developed a disorder
- Biochemical factors
- the dopamine reward system
- in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway cells release spontaneous bursts of dopamine to maintain stable mood
- Altman- alcohol and nicotine have been proven to affect the nervous system by increasing dopamine levels and improving mood
- Liebman and Cooper- suggested that those who are more susceptible to addictions might have inherited a more sensitive mesolimbic dopamine pathway
- Altman- alcohol and nicotine have been proven to affect the nervous system by increasing dopamine levels and improving mood
- in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway cells release spontaneous bursts of dopamine to maintain stable mood
- the endogenous opioid system
- opioid neurotransmitters include encephalin and endorphins.
- the opioid systems are activated in states of pleasure and can be directly stimulated by addictive drugs such as nicotine, alcohol and heroin.
- the drug naltrexone has been proven to prevent the rewarding effect of alcohol by blocking opioid receptors and thus treating addiction and proving a biological influence
- O'Malley et al- long-term tobacco smoking has been shown to distrupt the the opioid system
- the opioid systems are activated in states of pleasure and can be directly stimulated by addictive drugs such as nicotine, alcohol and heroin.
- opioid neurotransmitters include encephalin and endorphins.
- the dopamine reward system
- neuroadaptation
- Koob and Le Moal
- changes occur in the brain system as a result of taking psychoactive drugs
- if drug taking stops these adaptations are no longer needed so they disrupt the brains homeostasis
- this explains why people develop a tolerance to drugs and need to increase dosage to gain the same effects and why they develop withdrawal symptoms if they stop
- the withdrawal symptoms make people want to take the substance again and the addiction is maintained
- this explains why people develop a tolerance to drugs and need to increase dosage to gain the same effects and why they develop withdrawal symptoms if they stop
- if drug taking stops these adaptations are no longer needed so they disrupt the brains homeostasis
- changes occur in the brain system as a result of taking psychoactive drugs
- Koob and Le Moal
- Biological models
- AA- addiction is an allergic response
- Biological models
- these state that addictions are: specific/ within the individual/ irreversible/ an illness/ and emphasis is placed on treatment
- genetics
- Comings et al - found a link between cocaine, heroin, and cannabis to genes in a different brain system
- Comings et al - found a link between cocaine, heroin, and cannabis to genes in a different brain system
- family studies
- Merikangas- 36% of relatives of individuals with a alcohol use disorder also developed a disorder
- although there are several supporting studies it is impossible to separate environmental factors from biological
- twin studies have found evidence of a genetic component
- Heath and Martin- heritability of alcohol dependence 39-60%
- Heath and Martin- heritability of alcohol dependence 39-60%
- Merikangas- 36% of relatives of individuals with a alcohol use disorder also developed a disorder
- Biological models
- changes occur in the brain system as a result of taking psychoactive drugs
- if drug taking stops these adaptations are no longer needed so they disrupt the brains homeostasis
- this explains why people develop a tolerance to drugs and need to increase dosage to gain the same effects and why they develop withdrawal symptoms if they stop
- the withdrawal symptoms make people want to take the substance again and the addiction is maintained
- this explains why people develop a tolerance to drugs and need to increase dosage to gain the same effects and why they develop withdrawal symptoms if they stop
- if drug taking stops these adaptations are no longer needed so they disrupt the brains homeostasis
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