Biological approach
- Created by: ElizabethH2525
- Created on: 29-04-19 16:29
View mindmap
- Biological approach and biopsychology
- Evolution
- Mutations in genes
- Survival of the fittest - the most efficient genes get passed on, whilst the least die out
- Anxiety and phobias
- Aggression e.g. cavemen
- IQ
- Artificial intellligence
- Evolutionary psychology focuses on how evolution has shaped the mind and behaviour
- Charles Darwin 1861
- Language
- Memory
- Consciousness
- Post mortems
- Uses the physical brain of a patient who displayed a particular behaviour when alive to suggest brain damage
- 40 categories analysed
- 1961 by Paul Broca
- Used on Tan to analyse Broca's area
- Located within the frontal lobe
- Related to speech production
- Used on Tan to analyse Broca's area
- Genotype and phenotype
- Genotype: genetic predisposition to develop a particular gene - the info within a gene
- Phenotype: whether a feature, through a gene, is actually expressed
- Influenced by other factors
- Twin and adoption studies
- Use correlational research to establish to what extent a trait is due to a certain gene
- Correlational research shows the relationship between 2 variables
- IV not manipulated = cause and effect not established
- Twin studies: conducted on either monozygotic or fraternal (dizygotic) twins
- Monozygotic twins share more DNA = should be a higher concordance rate
- Adoption studies: tend to compare the biological mother and the adoptive mother to determine who has a higher concordance rate for a given behaviour
- IQ: 76% in MZ and 60% in DZ
- Shields and Gottesman (1972) schizophrenia study support
- Use correlational research to establish to what extent a trait is due to a certain gene
- Brain damage and functional recovery
- Functional recovery: how your body recovers its abilities and mental processes compromised AAR of brain damage
- Mechanisms
- Coma
- Brain swelling
- Axonal sprouting
- Neuronal unmasking
- Neurogenesis
- Hemospheric compensation
- Brain plasticity
- Kempermann (1998) rat brains depending on environments
- Maguire's (2000) taxi drivers
- Mechanisms
- Therapy: eternal methods used to aid recovery
- Melodic intonation therapy
- Constraint induced movement therapy
- Cognitive pruning: brain areas most used have strengthened connections. Those not used are deleted or weakened
- Functional recovery: how your body recovers its abilities and mental processes compromised AAR of brain damage
- Split brain research
- Hemispheric lateralization: each hemisphere specialises to perform different functions
- Left brain
- Logic, analysis, sequencing, maths, language
- Right brain
- Creativity, imagination, arts, visualisation
- Sperry (1960)
- Neurones and synaptic transmission
- Saltatory conduction: action potentials "jump" from node to node
- Features of a neuron
- Cell nucleus
- Myelin sheath (tissue layer)
- Cell body (soma)
- Axon terminals
- Cytoplasm
- Synapse (gap)
- Types
- Exciatory or inhibitory
- Exciatory: speeds up
- Inhibitory: slows down
- Post synaptic or pre synaptic
- Relay
- Brain and spine (inter)
- Motor
- Muscles
- Contraction
- Found in the CNS
- Muscles
- Sensory
- Senses
- Some go to the brain
- Some are used in reflect actions
- Senses
- Exciatory or inhibitory
- Nodes of ranvier (gaps in myelin sheath)
- Dentrites
- Resting electrical potential: -70 mV
- Action potential +40 mV
- Neurotransmitters: chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to another across a synapse
- Divisions in the nervous system and the body's response to stress
- CNS: brain and spinal chord
- Peripheral nervous system
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- 1: Sensory division (afferent)
- Composed of sensory neurons
- Signals from receptors to CNS
- 1: Motor division (efferent)
- Composed of motor neurons
- Signals from CNS to effectors
- 2: Somatic
- Controls conscious activities i.e. voluntary movement
- 2: Autonomic
- Unconscious activities i.e. involuntary responses
- 3: Sympathetic
- Speeds the body up; prepares for flight or flight
- 3: Parasympathetic
- Calms the body down; "rest and digest" state
- Cognitive appraisal: the senses make judgement about whether the exterior surroundings are stressful, sneidng this to the brain
- HPA: chronic stress (long term stress)
- Pituitary gland releases ACTH, which floats all around the body
- Adrenal cortex picks up ACTH and releases cortisol
- Inhibits the immune system for extra energy
- Takes hours/days to cleanse
- Adrenal cortex picks up ACTH and releases cortisol
- Pituitary gland releases ACTH, which floats all around the body
- Neural pathway (SAM): acute stress, fight and flight situations
- Single electrical pulse via the spinal chord
- Adrenal medulla stimulates release of adrenaline
- Increased heartbeat
- Increased breathing in attempt to gather oxygen
- Increased blood pressure
- Pupil dilation
- Temporarily increased strength
- Endochrine system
- Network of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones
- Travel in the blood
- Slower than electrical communication by nerves
- Travel in the blood
- Thyroid
- Releases thyroxine
- Regulates basal metabollic rate
- Releases thyroxine
- Adrenal medulla
- Releases adrenaline
- Fight or flight response and its symptoms
- Releases adrenaline
- Adrenal cortex
- Cortisol
- Suppression of the immune system
- Cortisol
- Testes
- Testosterone
- Development of male secondary characteristics at puberty
- Testosterone
- Ovaries
- Oestrogen
- Regulation of female reproductive system, menstrual cycle and pregnancy
- Oestrogen
- Pineal gland
- Melatonin
- Regulation of arousal, biological rhythms and the sleep-wale cycle
- Melatonin
- Network of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones
- Biological rhythms
- Types of rhythm
- Infradian (less often than every 24 hours)
- e.g. SAD
- Circadian (every 24 hours)
- Sleep, male sperm cycle, body temperature peak etc
- Based on exogenous zeitgebers
- Environmental factors that help synchronise biological rhythms with the outside world]
- Siffre in the cave (1972)
- Entrainment: resetting biological clocks with exogenous zeitgebers
- Campbell and Purphy: lights on the backs of knees
- Based on exogenous zeitgebers
- Most common and most studied
- Sleep, male sperm cycle, body temperature peak etc
- Ultradian (more often than every 24 hours)
- Respiration, brain time out, REM
- Infradian (less often than every 24 hours)
- Endogenous pacemakers
- "Body clocks"
- Morgan (1955)
- Mimosa
- Types of rhythm
- Evolution
Comments
No comments have yet been made