B7.4
- Created by: amy_mair
- Created on: 19-06-16 20:30
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- Industrial Use of Microorganism
- B7.4
- Genetic Modification
- Genes can be transferred between organisms
- Genetic Modification is where a gene from one organism is transferred to another
- The organisms with the transferred gene will then produce a protein using instructions in that gene
- The protein can be made even through the gene came from another organism beause all organisms use the same genetic code
- Stages in genetic modification
- 1. First the gene that is responsible for producing the desirable product is isolated
- 2. The useful gene is replicated
- 3. Each gene is joined to a vector
- 4. Vectors containing teh useful gene are transferred into new cells
- 5. Not all of the new cells will be modified for example the vector might not have been transferred properly
- 6. So the last stage is to select it
- Useful applications for humans
- Making Medicines
- 1. Insulin is a hormone that is used to treat type 1 diabetes
- 2, Teh gene for human insulin production can be transferred into bacteria
- 3. The bacteria are grown in a fermenter, and the human insulin is simply extracted as it is produced
- Making crops herbicide resistant
- 1, Some plants have natural resistance to things like herbicides
- 2. Thanks to genetic modification we can cut out the gene responsible and stick it into any plant
- 3, Herbicide resistant crops are useful to farmers becasue they can use a really effective weedkiller without damaging their produce
- 4. They are more expensive
- 5. They can encourage the use of weedkiller
- Making Medicines
- Biological Technologies
- Genetic Testing
- 2. Make a gene probe: Use a strand of bases that is complimentry to teh faulty gene that you are looking for
- 1. Take a DNA sample: DNA isolated form white blood cells often gotten by blood samples which contain white blood cells
- 3. Use the gene probe: The gene probe is mixed with the DNA
- Ways of improving packaging
- Nanotechnology
- 1. Food can be made to last longer
- 2, Smart packaging changes the properties
- Stem Cell Technonolgy
- Unspecilised Cells
- In the future they can be used to repair damaged nerve tissue
- Biomedical Engineering
- Uses engineering to improve human health
- 1. The heart has a group of cells which determins how fast it beats. If they stop working they can become irregular.
- A pace maker can be inputted yet this can cause problems
- There could be electircal faults
- Can run out of batteries
- A pace maker can be inputted yet this can cause problems
- 2, Faulty heart valves can also be replaced
- Genetic Testing
- Genetic Modification
- Features of Microorganism
- They reproduce rapidly under the right conditions
- They have plasmids
- Their biochemistry is quite simple
- They can make complex molecules that are to produce artificially
- There are no ethical concerns
- Products that can be made
- Antibiotics: Some types of bacteria and fungi can be used to produce medicines on a large scale
- Food from fungi: A type of single celled protein made by fungi
- Enzymes for making food: Enzymes are needed to make some types of food
- 1. Traditionally cheese is made using a mix of enzymes called rennet
- Now chymosin can be produced by genetically modified microorganism
- Enzymes for washing powder: Enzymes produced by bacteria can be used to make biological washing powders because they break down stains
- Biofuels: Microorganism can be used to make fuel
- 1. Yeast can be used to produce ethanol which is a waste product from anaerobic respiration
- 2. Microorganism can be used to produce biogas
- B7.4
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