Attachment Mindmap

Created by: IsabellaGibbs
Created on: 18-01-20 17:12

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Care-giver Interaction in Humans
- Commun ication
  - Interactional Synchrony - infant moves in time to carers voice
    - Isabella et al. 1989
      - infants with secure attachments demonstrated interactional synchrony during the first year of life
  - Reciprocity - both carer and infant can produce responses from each other
  - Mimicking - infants imitate the facial expressions of carer
    - Melzoff + Moor 1977
      - infants 2-3 weeks old displayed a tendency to mimic
      - Research suggests mimicry is an innate ability
        infants 2-3 weeks old displayed a tendency to mimic
  - Bodily Contact - physical interactions help to form the attachment bond early
    - Klaus + Kennel 1976
      - mothers who display greater physical contact were found to cuddle babies more and make greater eye contact
      - physical contact leads to an attachment bond that is closer and stronger
      - Compared mothers who displayed extended physical contact with their babies with mothers who only contacted with their infants during breastfeeding in the three days afteer birth
  - Caregiverese - modified vocal language used to speak to an infant
    - Papousek et al. 1991
      - found that the use of caregiverese was cross-cultural suggesting it is an innate device
- Role of the Father
  - Attachment with mother most related to teen attachments
    - Grossmann (2002)
      - Longitudinal study - looking at parents' behaviour and its relationship to the quality of children's attachments into their teens
      - Findings: quality of attachment with the father was less important in the attachment type of the teenagers than quality of attachment with the mother
      - Conclusion: fathers may be less important in long term emotional development
  - Father's play is more important - play rather than nurture
  - 75% eventually form secondary attachments with father by age of 18 months
    - Schaffer/Emerson 1964
      - 3% of cases the father was the primary attachment
  - Fathers can be primary caregiver
    - Field 1978
      - Filmed 4 month old babies
      - Findings: primary caregiver fathers, like mothers, spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers
  - Level of response is important - the key to attachment relationship is the level of responsiveness not the gender of the parent
  - Primary attachment usually with mothers but sometimes both
    - Schaffer/Emerson 1964
      - 3% of cases the father was the primary attachment
- Stages of Attachment
  - 3 - Specific Attachment | 7 months
    - Show stranger and separation anxiety from a specific adult. Child has formed a specific attachment called the primary attachment figure.
  - 4 - Multiple Attachments
    - After a month of having a specific attachment, the child forms secondary attachments
  - 2 - Indiscriminate Attachment | 2-7 months
    - Recognise and prefer familiar adults. Accept conform from any adult. Do not show separation or stranger anxiety.
  - 1 - Asocial Stage | birth -2 months
    - Similar response to all objects (animate or inanimate). At the end of thid stage, the child show preference for being with people.
  - Schaffer + Emerson 1964
    - 60 babies Glasgow W/C. Visited every month for a year then again at 18 months. Investigated: formation of early attachments, age at which they developed, emotional intensity and to whom they were directed
    - Between 25 and 32 weeks 50% of babies showed signs of seperation anxiety towards a particular adult. Attachment tended to be towards the caregiver who was the most interactive. By 40 weeks, 80% of babies had a sepcific attachment and 30% displayed multiple attachments

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Attachment Mindmap

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