Agricultural and social developments in the countryside
- Created by: steloah1
- Created on: 25-04-22 22:41
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- Agricultural and social developments in the countryside
- Collectivisation
- Stage 1, 1929-30
- Deliberate propaganda to promote class warfare (build resentment towards kulaks)
- Kulaks represented 4% of the population, in practice c15% of peasant household destroyed and c150,000 peasants forced to migrate
- Peasants killed and burnt their own crops and livestock to avoid being labelled as kulaks
- Kulaks represented 4% of the population, in practice c15% of peasant household destroyed and c150,000 peasants forced to migrate
- Peasants forced into collectives by the Red Army and OGPU
- Announced in 1919 that 25% of grain farms should be collectivised
- 58% of farms had been C'd due to propaganda and force
- Local officials were becoming too rigorous in their approch - "dizzy with success"
- Voluntary C permitted- in October 1930, only 20% of farms were C'd
- Local officials were becoming too rigorous in their approch - "dizzy with success"
- 58% of farms had been C'd due to propaganda and force
- Deliberate propaganda to promote class warfare (build resentment towards kulaks)
- Stage 2, 1930-41
- 50% in 1931 to 100% on 1941
- Kolkhoz - combination of small farms. The average comprised of c75 families
- Had to deliver 40% of crops to the state
- Share leftover profit or goods in accordance to how many 'labour days' someone contributed
- each Kolkhoz was under the control of a communist party member
- Internal passports introduced so peasants could not leave
- Reasons
- The Grain procurement crisis in the winter of 1927-8
- Need for food to support expansion of the workforce in the 5 year plan
- Ideologoical conviction to liquidate the kulaks (1929 speech)
- Stage 1, 1929-30
- State farms
- The Sovkhoz
- State farms created in the 20's as an example of 'socialist agriculture of the highest order'
- Seen by communist purists as the 'ideal' form of farming
- Larger than Kolkhozes and were created with confiscated land from large estates
- Deemed suitable for Ukraine and south Russia
- Peasant opposition to becoming wage labourers forced Stalin to allow most farms to be Kolkhoz
- State farms created in the 20's as an example of 'socialist agriculture of the highest order'
- The Sovkhoz
- Mechanisation
- Machine Tractor Stations in 1931
- Aimed to make farming more efficient
- Hired machinery and tractors to farms
- 2500 were established / 1 for every 40 farms
- State farms received most support
- 2500 were established / 1 for every 40 farms
- By 1938, 95% of threshing, 72% of ploughing and 48% of harvest was carried out mechanically
- Limited transport - 196,000 lorries in USSR and over 1 million in USA in 1938
- Hired machinery and tractors to farms
- Aimed to make farming more efficient
- Machine Tractor Stations in 1931
- Failure of collectivisation
- Most peasants did not join C farms voluntarily = violent opposition
- Hostility in Ukraine
- Many regarded this as a 'new serfdom'
- Hostility in Ukraine
- Peasants burnt livestock and crops to not be called Kulaks
- Kulaks killed or sent to Siberia to work in camps
- Dekulakisation removed the most skiled marmers
- 10 million peasants dies as a result of resistance or deportaion
- Peasants were supposed to recieve a share of 'profits' but quotas were too high for there to be any excess
- Little incentive to work hard
- Allowed the practice of private farms
- 52% of veg and 70% of meat produced this way in the late 1930's
- Most peasants did not join C farms voluntarily = violent opposition
- The famine of 1932-1934
- Drought hit many areas in October 1931
- Combined with peasant deportations = decrease in production
- 1932- famine in Ukraine
- 1932-1932 - famine in Kazakhstan and northern caucausus
- Drought hit many areas in October 1931
- Success of collectivisation
- Industrial workforce was fed and grain export increased
- During peasant opposition, output sometimes fell to below 1913 levels
- Not enough MTS and party leaders did not know enough about farming
- Grain output did not exceed pre-C levels until after 1935
- It took livestock until 1935
- During peasant opposition, output sometimes fell to below 1913 levels
- Rural-urban migration
- Millions of peasants starved and dies in the interests of "economic socialisation"
- 25-30% of animals were slaughtered by peasants between 1929 and 1933
- Stalin was able to extend his political power to the country side
- Those who oppsoed collectivisation (Bukharin and Rykov) lost power and influence
- Apart from small plots, any remains of capitalism that was based on private enterprise were removed
- Industrial workforce was fed and grain export increased
- Collectivisation
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