5. Aggression and its impact upon performance and behaviour

Created by: Amy Parkinson
Created on: 17-04-15 15:16

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Agression and its impact upon performance and behaviour
- BULL: 'aggression is any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal means'
- There are 2 types of aggression: hostile aggression and channelled aggression (assertion)
- Aggression
  - The prime motive of aggression is to inflict injury
  - Breaks the rules
  - Often disrupts team performance and group cohesion
  - PARENS: aggression is 'hostile destructiveness'
- Assertion
  - Does not attempt to harm anyone
  - Is strictly within the rules of sport
  - Often involves forceful but functional play
  - Focussed on completing the task successfully
  - PARENS: non-hostile self-protective mastery bhevaiour
- Antecedents of aggression
  - Excessive pressure to win
  - Retaliation to an incident
  - Copying the behaviour of others
  - Nature of the game
  - Reaction to hostile situation
  - Being on a losing side
  - Previous ill-feeling
  - Actual or perceived unfairness
  - Frustration at poor performance
  - Displaced aggression or an influence outside sport
- Theories of aggression
  - Instinct theory
    - FREUD
    - LORENZ
    - Trait view of aggression
    - Behaviour is at all times predictable
    - Aggression is genetically determined
    - A trait of violence lies within everyone: FREUD called this the 'death instinct' which purpose is to seek aggressive destruction
    - Aggressive energy is constantly building up and needs to be released
  - Social learning theory
    - BANDURA
    - Aggression is learned
    - Aggression is not genetically determined but is instead nurtured by the environment
    - Aggression can be learned by copying role models
    - Aggression is likely to occur if it is part of the social and cultural norm of the group
  - Frustration Aggression hypothesis
    - DOLLARD
    - Frustration develops with goal-directed behaviour is blocked
    - Interactionist theory
    - Frustration could occur through environmental circumstances like defeat
    - Frustration generated by the environment triggers the aggressive gene
    - If the aggressive act is successful, the individual feels catharsis or a cathartic release
    - If the act fails, further frustration is generated
  - Aggression cue hypothesis
    - Interactionist theory
    - BERKOWITZ
    - Frustration leads to an increase in arousal
    - Frustration creates a 'readiness' for aggression which must then be triggered by an environmental cue
    - Better players have the capacity to control frustration and aggression
    - Aggressive behaviour inhibits concentration and team cohesion
  - Elimination of aggression
    - Cognitive techniques which involve psychological strategies
      - Imagery
      - Mental rehearsal
      - Counting to 10
      - Positive self-talk
      - Distancing oneself from the situation
      - Walking away
      - Reasoning with onself
    - Somatic techniques which involve physiological strategies
      - Progressive relaxation techniques
      - Breathing exercises
      - The use of biofeedback
      - Role of responsibility
      - Emphasis on non-aggressive role models
      - Reinforce non-aggressive behaviour to strengthen a desirable S-R bond
    - Attribution
    - SILVA
      - Hostile aggression may increase arousal causing reduced concentration resulting in poor performance

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5. Aggression and its impact upon performance and behaviour

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