African Americans and Civil RIghts
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- Created on: 12-12-17 13:33
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- African Americans and Civil Rights
- Presidents
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Ended school segregation in NY
- Worked closely with Booker T Washington
- Progressivism
- Fluctuating views
- Ulysses S Grant
- Ordered KKK in South Carolina to disperse and surrender arms
- Civil Rights Act 1875
- Prohibited segregation in various modes of public accommodations and transportations
- Prohibited discrimination in jury selection
- Franklin D Roosevelt
- Signed into law executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination by government defence contractors
- Fair Employment Practice Committee
- "There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defence industries and in government, because of race, creed, color, or national origin."
- Reduced racism in the work place
- New Deal
- Helped indirectly
- Democrat
- Relies on Southern White Votes
- Limited Promoter
- Relies on Southern White Votes
- Signed into law executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination by government defence contractors
- Rutherford B Hayes
- Withdrawal of federal troops from the South allowed the issuing of the Jim Crow Laws
- Compromise of 1887 marked the effective end of the Republican's active support of civil rights for Black Americans
- Ending reconstruction with Southern Democrats
- Dwight D Eisenhower
- Never publicly gave support to the movement
- Civil Rights Act of 1957
- Reluctantly supported Brown v Board of Education
- Little Rock, 1957
- Forced to be a promoter
- Reactive rather then proactive
- 'You can't change the heart of men with a law
- Woodrow Wilson
- Hosted a screening of 'The Birth of a Nation'
- Not a promoter (massive racist)
- A man of his time- relied on Southern votes
- "segregation is not a humiliation but a benefit"
- Andrew Johnson
- Refused redistribution
- Opposed measures to help the freed slaves
- Wanted to reduce the rights of African AMericans
- Barrier rather than a promoter
- John F Kennedy
- Democrat- relied on southern White votes
- Brought in 1963 Civil Rights Bill
- Death helped the passage of the bill
- Harry S Truman
- De-segregated armed forces in 1948
- First to address NAACP
- First modern president to consider Black Rights as important
- His administration published 'To Secure These Rights' in 1947
- Abraham Lincoln
- Only wanted to protect the union
- Wasn't an abolitionist; slavery was sanctioned by the constitution
- 1862- issued preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, slaves " shall be then, thenceforward and forever free"
- Only in his interest to be a promoter
- 'The Great Emancipator
- Lyndon B Johnson
- 1964 Civil Rights Act
- Without him the acts would not have passed
- 1965 Civil Voting Rights Act
- Without him the acts would not have passed
- Lifted racist immigration restrictions
- designed to preserve a white majority
- Promoted the Great Society
- Prevented by Vietnam
- 1964 Civil Rights Act
- Ronald Reagan
- Said in 1980 that the Voting rights Act had been " humiliating to the South
- Not a promoter
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Individuals
- Malcolm X
- Imprisoned from 1947-1952
- Member of the Nation of Islam
- Many believe he is responsible for the massive increase in membership; 400 in 1952 to 40,000 in 1960
- Preached violent revolution; told people not to reject any form of change
- Promoted a sense of pride and identity in African Americans
- His speeches drew large crowds; stressed the importance of African traditions and the inherent strength and work of Africans
- Martin Luther King
- Charismatic, media friendly
- Integrationist
- W.E.B DuBois
- 'The Talented Tenth'
- Would lead Black Americans to equality and social and political equality and integration
- Spoke with a passion that anticipated the rhetoric of King much more than the dry nationalism of Washington
- Niagara Movement-1905
- Pressed for more radical change and laid the foundation for the NAACP in 1909
- 'The Talented Tenth'
- W.E.B DuBois
- Often relied on others to do the hard work
- Promoter of non-violent protest
- Birmingham 1963
- 1957-19562- 17 black churches had been bombed in Birmingham
- 6th April- march on City Hall
- 42 arrested
- King negotiated with white businessmen
- 10th April- city officials obtained an injunction prohibiting the demonstrations
- Good Friday march
- All protestors arrested; King and Albernathy separated
- King spent 8 days in jail; composed 'Letter from a Birmingham Jail'
- Gained national attention
- Upon King's realeae, he began to recruit younger protestors; 1000 arrested on 2nd May
- Violent treatment by Bull Connor sparked media attention
- SUCCESS
- Albany 1961
- King supported the Freedom Rides organised by CORE
- Limited his involvement to training participants and to negotiating with the Kennedy administration
- Riders were being met with violence
- Robert Kennedy ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to ban interstate travel segregation
- Not King's success
- 15th December 1961- Albernathy organised a march of 250 protestors to Albany City Hall
- All were arrested, yet Pritchett handled the prisoners courteously
- FAILURE
- King supported the Freedom Rides organised by CORE
- Selma 1965
- 1st February- King and Albernathy led a march of 250 people to the Selma Courthouse to protest slow voter registration
- King and Albernathy arrested and spent 5 days in prison
- 5th MArch- King tried to convinve Johnson to pass a Voting Rights bill- he declined
- March from Selma to Montgomery planned
- Wallace issued an order prohibiting the march- King and SCLC proceeded, but King didn't lead the march
- 500 people began the march, but were met by 60 state troops, cauldry and the town's sheriff
- 60 injured, 16 hospitalised
- King announced a second march ,which he would lead
- Wallace gained a federal injunction, but King continued
- when the protest was met with violence, King told the crowd to disperse
- Third march reached Montgomery on 24th March
- when the protest was met with violence, King told the crowd to disperse
- Wallace gained a federal injunction, but King continued
- 500 people began the march, but were met by 60 state troops, cauldry and the town's sheriff
- Wallace issued an order prohibiting the march- King and SCLC proceeded, but King didn't lead the march
- March from Selma to Montgomery planned
- SUCCESS
- 1st February- King and Albernathy led a march of 250 people to the Selma Courthouse to protest slow voter registration
- Montgomery 1955/56
- Bus company lost 65% of revenue
- Nearly 20,000 blacks supported the action planned for 5th December
- Black community set up a network of informal taxi services and carpools
- Montgomery Improvement association set up with King as President
- Became illegal to segregate in the same way that Parks had experienced
- 21st December 1956- King and Albernathy rode the first desegregated bus
- SUCCESS
- Chicago
- King planned a massive rally in Chicago for 10th July (Freedom Sunday)
- King returned to Chicago for freedom Sunday (following James Meredith's assassination)
- Addressed a crowd of 45,000 and nailed a list of grievances to the city hall door
- wanted more money spent on public schools, integration of schools, low rent housing, support of African American run banks
- Led to riots by black youths on Chicago's west side-deployment of national Guard
- Addressed a crowd of 45,000 and nailed a list of grievances to the city hall door
- King returned to Chicago for freedom Sunday (following James Meredith's assassination)
- FAILURE
- King planned a massive rally in Chicago for 10th July (Freedom Sunday)
- Birmingham 1963
- Thurgood Marshall
- first African American to be appointed to the supreme Court
- Responsible for Brown v board of Education in 1954
- won 29 out of 32 cases
- Assissted with Little rock in 1958
- first African American to be appointed to the supreme Court
- W.E.B DuBois
- 'The Talented Tenth'
- Would lead Black Americans to equality and social and political equality and integration
- Spoke with a passion that anticipated the rhetoric of King much more than the dry nationalism of Washington
- Niagara Movement-1905
- Pressed for more radical change and laid the foundation for the NAACP in 1909
- 'The Talented Tenth'
- Marcus Garvey
- set up the Universal ***** Improvement Association (UNIA) in Jamaica in 1912
- Corresponded with Washington and wanted to set up an industrial institute in Jamaica
- Strong believer in pan-Africanism
- His speeches drew large crowds; stressed the importance of African traditions and the inherent strength and work of Africans
- Booker T Washington
- Born a slave
- Founded the National ***** Business League (NNBL)
- Told people to make themselves useful to Whites
- 'Dip your bucket'
- Accept white supremcay
- 'For some 20 years Washington practically ruled black America
- Gained support of white business community
- Malcolm X
- Groups
- NAACP
- W.E.B DuBois
- Legal- took cases to the Supreme Court
- Made up primarily of lawyers
- Not predominantly led by African Americans
- Right to vote in primaries-1944
- 50 local branches and a journal
- UNIA
- Marcus Garvey
- Separation and black nationalism
- 'Short but spectacular'
- Used the economic power of modern capitalism to generate enterprises and a major shipping line
- International support
- Private army
- SCLC
- Martin Luther King
- Looked for white liberal support, support from organised religion in the South
- Worked well with other organisations; SNCC, CORE in Washington
- Wanted to demonstrate mass feeling right of freedom of expression over local state laws preventing demonstrations
- Grassroots
- Won white support
- CORE
- United white liberal opinion and expertise and they had specific targets which often resulted in tangible progress
- 2/3 of initial membership= white
- Freedom RIdes in 1957
- Grassroots
- Desegregation on interstate transport
- BLACK PANTHERS
- extended previous ideas of armed black groups
- Excluded whites
- Economic equality
- End to economic exploitation
- Separate juries for Black people
- NATION OF ISLAM
- Radicalism and separatism
- Links with Islam- emotional appeal
- Reliance on vibrant newspaper and clear ideas of black superiority
- Voter registration and equal political rights were not priorities
- SNCC
- Previously non-violent until James Meredith's murder in 1966
- 'What we need is Black Power'- Carmichael
- Isolation and confrontation
- Celebrated African culture, music, food and hair
- Pushed people to make much more radical political demands
- NAACP
- Presidents
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