A-Level Geography - Human - Global Governance - Mindmap in A Level and IB Geography

Created by: Noah_S
Created on: 30-04-22 13:34

View mindmap

Global Governance
- Criticisms
  - System problems
    - Signing to international laws and institutions is voluntary
      - Trump pulled the USA out of the Paris agreement in 2020, complicating the global response to climate change
    - Difficult to make countries & TNCs comply with rules
      - In 2016, China went against court ruling that make its claims over the South China Sea against international law
    - Claims that global institutions act for political reasons
      - Alleged that some countries have used the International Criminal Court to remove people in power in Africa
  - Inequalities and Injustices
    - Conditions to receive a loan from the IMF or World Bank, which may make poverty in inequality in LICs worse
      - LICs may have to implement free trade policies and cut government spending, often on education and health care
    - Economic groups like the G7 strengthen the power of HICs, instead of encouraging equality between HICs and LICs
    - Members of security institutions can prevent actions from taking place, like Russia vetoing resolutions to end the invasion of Ukraine
- Case Study: United Nations
  - Set up in the 1945 to establish a peaceful and fair world, and currently has 193 member countries
    - Has a lot of authority since every country in the world is a member
  - Countries sign up to the UN Charter, which tells what the functions of the UN are
    - They are to maintain global peace and security, develop friendly relations between nations, use cooperation to solve problems and to settle disputes
  - Made out of several organisations, like the UN Security Council (maintains peace) and the UN General Assembly (parliament of nations that make decisions)
  - UN Millennium Development Goals have reduced poverty & increase children in education, promoting growth; UN peacekeeping missions can help to end wars like in Cote d'lvoire to help stability
  - HICs hold the most power over decisions, but many global issues tackled by the UN affect African nations, showing inequality
  - UN peacekeepers in 1995 failed to protect 8000 people that were massacred by Bosnian Serbs, showing injustices
- General Theory
  - Norms, Laws & Institutions
    - International laws are rules established through international agreements, which cover human rights, trade regulation, etc
      - Legally binding, so countries follow them
    - Norms are accepted standards of behaviour, which there are negative consequences who don't follow them
      - Freedom of speech is a norm, which countries that don't follow this norm like China receive condemnation
    - Institutions are political/legal organisations that pass or enforce laws, or as a forum for groups
      - The UN, World Trade Organisation (WTO) & World Health Organisation (WHO) are institutions
      - Aim to promote growth and stability
  - Global Governance
    - "sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their global affairs" - The Commission on Global Governance
    - Regulates the global economic and political systems by setting up rules should follow and monitor them
    - Makes everyone taking part in the global system act in a certain way
    - Aims to promote growth and stability
  - Governments, TNCs & Institutions
    - Reactive: Governments legislate and invest in the local, national and international scale
    - Proactive: Governments lobby for and contribute to discussions, votes and decisions
    - Reactive: TNCs compensate and adopt new codes of conduct / working practices imposed by legislation
    - Proactive: TNCs sponsor and support the work of NGOs
    - Reactive: Institutions respond to global events to offer advice to national govenments
    - Proactive: Institutions sponsor, facilitate and publicise international issues and agreements

Get Revising

A-Level Geography - Human - Global Governance

Comments

Similar Geography resources: