2.1 Berlin 1958-63
- Created by: bboyapati10
- Created on: 22-08-18 09:20
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- 2.1 Berlin 1958-63: Increased Tension and Berlin Wal Impacts
- Refugee Problem, 1958
- Causes
- West Germany successful
- East Germany unpopular
- 1958 - 3 million East -> West
- Many were skilled workers
- Needed to rebuild economy
- Communism was propaganda diaster
- Showed people preferred Capitalism over Communism
- Many were skilled workers
- Nov 1958 - Khrushchev demanded Western countries to recognise East Germany as an official country
- They refused
- Khrushchev's Berlin Ultimatum
- 27 November
- Berlin should be demilitarised and Western troops withdrawn
- Berlin should be "free city"
- Forced the West to talk to East German authorities and acknowledge it was country
- Consequences
- West were outraged
- saw his actions as USSR trying to spread communism
- Summit Meetings to solve Berlin Problems
- Summit Meetings, 1959-61
- Geneva, May 1959
- Proposals with no agreement
- Camp David, Sep 1959
- No agreement
- USSR withdrew Ultimatum
- Relations improved
- Paris, May 1960
- 1 May - U2 Spy plane shot down
- No decisions made
- Vienna, June 1961
- Jan - JFK was president
- Tried to build up military forces
- Increased spending by $2 billion
- Tried to resolve difficulties (USSR)
- determined not to appear weak and not give control of Berlin away
- Refused to give concessions
- Tried to build up military forces
- No decisions made
- Khrushchev believed Kennedy was inexperienced
- Kennedy new
- Bay of Pigs failure
- Relationship was very strained
- Jan - JFK was president
- Geneva, May 1959
- Summit Meetings, 1959-61
- West were outraged
- 27 November
- Causes
- Building the Berling Wall
- Khrushchev's tough stance on Berlin forced Britain, France + USA
- Increased tension
- More East G's moved into W just in case of border
- August 1961 - 40,000 East G's moved into W in 1 day
- More East G's moved into W just in case of border
- Increased tension
- 12 August 1961 - Barbed wire fence between East and West
- Consequences of Wall
- Desperate attempts to escape
- Wall was finished end of summer
- Along 27 mile section through centre of Berlin, two walls with a a zone with booby traps, lookout towers and spotlights
- Guards instructed to shoot anyone making an attempt
- Along 27 mile section through centre of Berlin, two walls with a a zone with booby traps, lookout towers and spotlights
- Impacts on USSR
- Khrushchev abandoned plans to unite Germany under Soviet
- Showed people preferred Capitalism over Communism
- Wall stopped refugees
- Wall sent message that Communism would survive in Berlin
- Any plans to reunite Capitalist would fail
- Impacts on USA
- USSR closed border w/o USA permission
- People couldn't escape Communism
- West Berlin - Freedom and defence against Communism
- Wall showed Western control in W Berlin
- Impacts on International Relations
- Berlin Wall was a powerful symbol of difference between East and West
- Wall Highlighted Churchill's Iron Curtain speech
- Both sides argued about Germany since 1945
- less likely for a war over Berlin
- Reduced tension between USA and USSR
- Khrushchev's tough stance on Berlin forced Britain, France + USA
- Refugee Problem, 1958
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