18 - Nazi Policies towards the Jews 1933-37

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  • Nazi Policies towards the Jews 1933-37
    • The Boycott of Jewish Shops
      • Imposed on 1 April 1933
        • Hitler claimed it was in retaliation of Jews abroad who boycotted German products
      • SA carried out a propaganda campaign to promote it
        • They stood menacingly outside Jewish businesses
      • The boycott applied to lawyers and doctors as well
        • Doctors, lawyers + teachers were subjected to rough treatment by the SA
      • Many businesses were half-Jewish half-German
        • Many citizens used Jewish businesses in defiance
      • Boycott was abandoned after 1 day
      • Hitler wanted to control the SA + concerned about public and foreign opinion
        • He had allowed the boycott grudgingly to radicalists
      • Hitler wanted a 'legal revolution' and wanted to use only a certain amount of intimidation
    • Hitler emphasised legality in Jewish persecution
      • A relentless propaganda campaign was launched to re-educate Germans
    • 1933 Civil Service Laws
      • April 1933 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
        • Jews were dismissed from the CS
      • There was no scientific definition of who was or wasn't Jewish
        • Under the 1933 law people were Jewish if either their parents or grandparents were Jews
          • Hindenburg insisted on exemptions for Jews who served in WW1
            • Or for those whose fathers had been killed in WW1
      • Hitler accepted these exemptions until after Hindenburg's death
      • This law had a bad economic  psychological impact on Germany
        • In 1933 37,000 Jews left Germany
    • Further anti-Semitic legislation in 1933
      • These measures were not as effective as hoped
        • Because those who fought in WW1 were exempt + not all Jews in medicine, the law and education could be removed at once
      • The Legal profession
        • Jewish lawyers were 16% of Germany's legal profession
        • In 1933 60% of non-Aryan lawyers were allowed to continue working
          • In the following years stricter legislation was introduced
      • Doctors
        • 10%+ of doctors were Jewish
          • Nazi propaganda attacked them as a 'danger to society'
        • Nazis introduced legislation at local level + started to remove some Jewish doctors from their posts
          • April 1933 the regime introduced a ban on Jewish doctors
            • Theoretically Jewish doctors could only practice on Jews - but many continued practicing for years
      • Education
        • April 1933 Law against Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities
          • Restricted the number of Jewish students in schools/unis
            • Promoted on the basis that Aryan students were lacking inr esources
        • Propaganda stressed that a 'well-educated Jew' was more threatening than a non-educated one
        • The process of removing Jews wasn't completed until 1938
          • Jews could still attend private education + Jewish schools
            • These schools struggled for funding + maintaining academic standards
        • Jewish uni professors felt the pressure + some lost their jobs
      • The Press
        • October 1933 The Reich Press Law
          • Allowed the regime to ensure strict censorship + close publications
        • Jews had a prominent role in journalism
          • The Press law effectively silenced them + many were forced to leave the cuntry
    • 1925 The Nuremberg Laws
      • The Reich Citizenship Law meant Jews + non-Aryans were no longer German citizens
      • The Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour outlawed marriage and sexual relations between Aryans and non-Aryans
      • These laws were announced at the annual party rally in Nuremberg
        • Radical anti-Semitists pushed Hitler to end Jewish-Bolshevism
      • The laws were later extended to include all Aryan/non-Aryan contact
      • Aryan women were pressured to leave Jewish husbands
      • Jewish men convicted were often re-arrested after release and sent to concentration camps
      • First Supplementary Decree on the Reich Citizenship Law
        • Defined that being a full Jew meant you had 3 Jewish grandparents or 2 and you were married to a Jew
        • Half Jews were labelled 'Mischlinge'
          • They led fairly normal lives, and could still be in the lower ranks of the army
      • So Jews still had obligations to the State but no citizenship
      • Documentary proof of ancestry was very important
        • Some acquired false documents
    • Discrimination
      • Local intervention happened as well
        • Jews banned from swimming pools; pubs/businneses didn't welcome Jews
      • Nazi activists pushed for anti-Semitic legislation in localities
        • However they often went along with it to please the activists rather than for anti-Semitic reasons
      • Many Germans were embarrassed by overt discrimination
        • eg. wouldn't leave a Jewish doctor or were appalled at the removal of Jewish literature
      • Open opposition to discrimination was rare

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